Retinopathy,neuropathy,microvascular,and Macrovascular Changes Are All Chronic Complications of Both Type $\beta$

Retinopathy,neuropathy,microvascular,and macrovascular changes are all chronic complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.One theory as to the cause of these chronic problems is the elevation of advance glycation end (AGE) products.These AGE products consist of:

A) glucose transporter proteins that promote the uptake of glucose from the lumen of the small bowel.
B) hemoglobin that has a glucose attached to the N-terminal valine residue of either $\beta$ -chain of hemoglobin A.
C) proteins that have been irreversibly modified by nonenzymatic attachment of glucose.
D) glycated genes that contribute to the development of diabetes and the formation of diabetogenes.