Expenses that are not directly borne by producers or their customers are called:

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Marginal external costs refer to expenses that are not directly borne by producers or their customers. These costs are often associated with the negative effects of production or consumption activities on the environment or on third parties, such as pollution or traffic congestion. As such, they are externalities that are not reflected in the market price of goods or services, and may require government intervention or regulation to address. Marginal social costs, on the other hand, include both private costs and external costs, and represent the total cost of production or consumption to society as a whole. Marginal private costs refer only to the costs that producers or consumers directly incur in the production or consumption of goods or services. Opportunity costs refer to the price of the next best alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action or decision.

Expenses That Are Not Directly Borne by Producers or Their