Europe was transformed radically in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries because of:

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All of these factors played a part in transforming Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The emergence and growth of universities led to advancements in knowledge and education, while technological innovations like the windmill and the watermill helped to increase productivity and improve the standard of living. The new vernacular literature, such as troubadour poetry and Arthurian legends, contributed to the emergence of a new culture and a new sense of identity. Finally, the emergence of large-scale territorial monarchies like France and England helped to create a more centralized and organized political system.

Europe Was Transformed Radically in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries