Question 1

When teenagers question "who they are" and "what they will become," they are experiencing which conflict?

Accepted Answer

The conflict of "identity versus role confusion" is the psychological challenge that teenagers face as they question their sense of self and try to figure out their place in the world. This is a common adolescent task according to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

Question 2

It is important for parents to allow toddlers to do things for themselves since overprotecting them or ridiculing their efforts may cause toddlers to lack confidence in their abilities and become overly dependent on their parents.These conflicts are part of Erikson's psychosocial stage known as

Accepted Answer

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory, which occurs during toddlerhood (18 months to 3 years). During this stage, toddlers are exploring their environment and developing their sense of autonomy. Parents who overprotect or ridicule their toddler's efforts may cause them to doubt their abilities and feel shame, which can hinder their development of independence and confidence. Therefore, it is important for parents to allow toddlers to do things for themselves within safe limits.

Question 3

A child who is just starting school and trying to develop learning skills is in Erikson's stage called

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority occurs during the school-age years, typically from ages 6 to 11. This is when children are developing their sense of competency and self-confidence in learning and completing tasks. The other stages listed do not occur during this same age range or are not relevant to the development of learning skills.

Question 4

Two-year-old Marcus wants to dress,eat,and walk without his mother's assistance.Erikson would say that the child is operating at the stage of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs between the ages of one and three. During this stage, children strive for independence and want to do things for themselves, such as dressing and feeding themselves. Therefore, the best choice is (D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 5

Initiative is fostered by

Accepted Answer

Initiative is the third stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory, where children between the ages of 3 to 6 start to develop their sense of independence and take the initiative to plan and carry out activities. Giving a child the freedom to play, use their imagination, and choose activities can help foster their initiative by allowing them to explore their creativity and develop their own interests.

Question 6

Talia is 17 years old and is dealing with her conflicting experiences as a student,friend,athlete,worker,daughter,and girlfriend.In the next few years,Talia must integrate these experiences into a unified sense of self.According to Erikson,Talia is experiencing which psychosocial dilemma?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies the stage of identity versus role confusion as the primary psychosocial dilemma for adolescents. At this stage, adolescents like Talia are trying to develop a unified sense of self by integrating their diverse experiences into a coherent and meaningful identity. They may experience confusion, anxiety, or a lack of direction as they explore different social roles and identities. Overall, the goal of this stage is to develop a clear and stable sense of self that can guide future decisions and actions.

Question 7

According to Erikson,a person entering adolescence can expect the major developmental task to center around the need to

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that the major developmental task of adolescence is the formation of identity, which involves developing a unified and cohesive sense of self.

Question 8

Pedro is eight years old and is in elementary school.According to Erikson's theory,the major conflict for Pedro is

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage of industry versus inferiority typically occurs during the elementary school years, roughly between the ages of 6 and 12. This stage focuses on children's ability to work and achieve a sense of competence and productivity. Since Pedro is eight years old and in elementary school, he is in the stage of industry versus inferiority.

Question 9

Little Billy is constantly climbing,exploring,and trying to do things for himself.His parents try to restrict this exploring and also tend to ridicule his efforts when he makes a mess.According to Erikson,the actions of Billy's parents may cause Billy to feel

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage that corresponds to Billy's age is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage, children are developing their sense of autonomy and independence. If parents restrict exploration and ridicule their efforts, it can cause the child to feel shame and doubt about their abilities, leading to a negative outcome in this stage. Therefore, the best choice is A) shame and doubt.

Question 10

Conflicts involving intimacy,generativity,and integrity are characteristic of

Accepted Answer

Conflicts involving intimacy, generativity, and integrity are all related to adulthood, particularly the stages of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory that correspond to middle adulthood and later stages of life. In middle adulthood, individuals may struggle with balancing intimacy and isolation as they establish and maintain close relationships with others. Generativity versus stagnation is a conflict that arises during the later stages of adulthood, during which individuals may focus on contributing to society through work or personal relationships, or they may feel unfulfilled and stagnant. Finally, integrity versus despair is a conflict that occurs during the final stages of life, when individuals reflect on their accomplishments and may experience regret or fulfillment.

Question 11

A failure to develop a consistent identity results in

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage of adolescence (ages 12-18) is marked by the task of developing a consistent identity. If an adolescent is unable to successfully navigate this task, they may experience role confusion, which can lead to difficulties in forming intimate relationships and a sense of identity. Isolation, inferiority, and stagnation are not directly related to this specific stage of development.

Question 12

Megan is four years old.Her parents tend to restrict her play by choosing activities for her.They also have told her that she asks too many questions.According to Erikson,Megan is likely to develop

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Megan is in the stage of "Initiative vs. Guilt." At this stage, children are learning to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions. If Megan's parents restrict her play and discourage her questioning, she is more likely to develop feelings of guilt about her needs and desires.

Question 13

Through play,preschoolers learn to make plans and carry out tasks during which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?

Accepted Answer

During the initiative versus guilt stage, preschoolers learn to make plans and carry out tasks through play. This stage occurs during early childhood, typically between the ages of 3 and 5 years old. During this stage, children develop a sense of initiative as they begin to initiate activities and take on new challenges. They also learn about goal-setting, planning, and problem-solving as they engage in pretend play and creative activities.

Question 14

According to Erikson,if a child fails to learn the skills valued by society,such as reading and math,or if their efforts to perform these skills are considered inadequate,they may develop feelings of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, if a child fails to learn the skills valued by society, such as reading and math, or if their efforts to perform these skills are considered inadequate, they may develop feelings of inferiority. This stage, called Industry vs. Inferiority, occurs during middle childhood and encourages children to develop a sense of competence and accomplishment. If they are unable to do so, they may feel inferior and incapable of succeeding in the world around them. Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Question 15

According to Erikson,if children win praise for the productive activities valued by society,such as hard work,reading,and math,they will develop a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children who are praised for productive activities such as hard work, reading, and math develop a sense of industry. This sense of industry, or the belief in their own abilities and competence to produce, can lead to feelings of accomplishment and confidence.

Question 16

Jeb is finishing high school,and he does not know whether he wants to go to college or get a job.Rather than explore the options,he chooses to stay home during the summer and watch television.Erikson would say that Jeb is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Jeb is not exploring his options and is avoiding making a decision. This is a sign of role confusion, which is the crisis stage that occurs during adolescence. He is unsure about what path to take in life and is not actively seeking a resolution.

Question 17

According to Erikson,the major task during young adulthood is successful achievement of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the major task during young adulthood is to form close and meaningful relationships with others. This is known as the intimacy vs. isolation stage, and is characterized by a desire for intimacy and connection with others. While developing a sense of self and personal responsibility are also important tasks during this stage, they are not the primary focus. Developing a stable identity and personality structure is a task of adolescence, not young adulthood according to Erikson's theory.

Question 18

If her parents encourage little Tanya to ask questions,to use her imagination,and give her the freedom to choose activities,according to Erikson,they are encouraging Tanya to develop

Accepted Answer

Erikson's third stage of psychosocial development is initiative vs. guilt, which occurs between ages 3 and 6. During this stage, children develop initiative as they explore their environment, ask questions, and use their imagination. If parents encourage this behavior, they help their child develop a sense of purpose and responsibility. Therefore, the best choice is D (initiative).

Question 19

Pretend play is an important component of which of Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas?

Accepted Answer

Pretend play is an important part of the initiative versus guilt stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory. In this stage, children develop the ability to plan and carry out tasks on their own, and to take the initiative to explore and engage with their environment. Pretend play allows children to develop and practice these skills in a safe and imaginative way.

Question 20

For the first time,teachers,peers,and adults outside the home become important in shaping attitudes toward oneself in Erikson's stage of

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority occurs during middle childhood, typically between the ages of 6 and 12. During this stage, children become more involved in school and social activities outside of the home, and the opinions and feedback of teachers, peers, and other adults become important in shaping their attitudes toward themselves. Children who receive positive feedback and encouragement for their efforts develop a sense of competence and self-esteem (industry), while those who are criticized or fail to meet expectations may develop a sense of inferiority. Trust versus mistrust (A) occurs in infancy, initiative versus guilt (B) occurs in early childhood, and integrity versus despair (D) occurs in late adulthood.

Quiz 16: Human Development: Adolescence and Adulthood