Which of the Following Formulas Computes Residual Income

Which of the following formulas computes residual income?

A) Residual Income = Operating Income − Return on Investment
B) Residual Income = Operating Income / Average Operating Assets
C) Residual Income = After-tax Operating Income / (Actual Percentage Cost of Capital × Total Capital Employed)
D) Residual Income = Operating Income − (Minimum Rate of Return × Average Operating Assets)
E) Residual Income = (Minimum Rate of Return × Average Operating Assets) / Operating Income