According to V.I.Pudovkin,the operating principle of Russian (i.e.Soviet) filmmaking was

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V.I.Pudovkin, a prominent Soviet film director and theorist, believed that editing was the key principle of Russian (Soviet) filmmaking. He believed that the art of filmmaking lay in how shots and scenes were arranged and edited together to create meaning and emotion. Pudovkin developed his own unique montage theory, which emphasized the power of juxtaposition and contrast in creating a strong emotional impact on the viewer. Therefore, the best choice is A) editing.