Applying a Tourniquet to or Drawing Blood from an Arm

Applying a tourniquet to or drawing blood from an arm located on the same side of the body as a recent mastectomy can be harmful to the patient and may produce erroneous test results.The application of a tourniquet as part of such blood collections is discouraged for which of the following reasons?

A) Increases the danger of developing lymphedema in the affected area
B) Interferes with the flow of lymph fluid in the area
C) Causes increases in the blood level of lymphocytes and waste products in the area
D) All of the above