A university studied students' grades and established a strong positive association between the high school average of incoming students and their university GPA.Describe three different possible cause-and-effect relationships that might be present.
A)Perhaps higher high school averages cause higher university GPAs,or both could be caused by a lurking variable such as the students' IQ.
B)There is only one cause-and-effect relationship: higher university GPAs cause higher high school averages.
C)There is only one cause-and-effect relationship: higher high school averages cause higher university GPAs.
D)There are only two cause-and-effect relationships: higher high school averages cause higher university GPAs,or higher university GPAs cause higher high school averages.
E)Perhaps higher high school averages cause higher university GPAs,higher university GPAs cause higher high school averages,or both could be caused by a lurking variable such as the students' high school.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

A) This choice correctly identifies three different possible cause-and-effect relationships: a direct cause (high school averages leading to higher university GPAs), a reverse cause (though not logically possible in this context, it's mentioned as an option), and the presence of a lurking variable (such as students' IQ) that could influence both.

A University Studied Students' Grades and Established a Strong Positive