Question 1

Kevan used to study diligently for exams in all of his high school classes and begin working on writing projects immediately after they were assigned.However,no matter what he did,he could never score higher than C or C+.What prediction would the behavioural model make about Kevan's behaviour today as a college student?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural model suggests that behaviour is influenced by its consequences. Since Kevan did not receive positive reinforcement for his past efforts in high school, the model would predict that he may stop working as hard because there is no payoff for his efforts.

Question 2

The most frequently diagnosed psychological disorder is

Accepted Answer

Depression is the most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder. It affects a large number of people worldwide and can manifest in various ways, such as feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities.

Question 3

Suppose that the treatment recommended for a patient at the mental health clinic is phototherapy.What is the likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Phototherapy, also known as light therapy, is often recommended for seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression that occurs during the winter months when there is less sunlight. It involves exposure to bright light to help regulate the body's circadian rhythm and improve mood. Phototherapy may also be used for other types of depression, but seasonal affective disorder is the most likely diagnosis in this scenario.

Question 4

According to Aaron Beck,depression is often caused by

Accepted Answer

According to Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression, negative beliefs and expectations about oneself, the world, and the future can lead to the development and maintenance of depression. These negative thoughts are often automatic and can pervade all areas of life, leading to feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Poor interpersonal skills, a lack of positive reinforcement, and biological or genetic influences can also play a role in the development of depression, but they are not seen as the primary cause according to Beck's theory.

Question 5

Which disorder are the following symptoms associated with-low-level depression of at least two years' duration;feelings of inadequacy,sadness,low energy,poor appetite,decreased pleasure and productivity,and hopelessness?

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described match those of persistent depressive disorder, also known as dysthymia. Bipolar disorder II involves mood swings between depression and hypomania, cyclothymic disorder involves mood swings between hypomania and mild depression, and seasonal affective disorder involves depression that occurs seasonally, typically in the fall and winter.

Question 6

Which of the following is part of Beck's cognitive triad of depressed thinking?

Accepted Answer

Beck's cognitive triad of depressed thinking consists of negative views of the self, negative views of the world, and negative views of the future. Therefore, the best choice is D, which is the option about negative views of the future. Options A and B are not part of the cognitive triad, and option C is related to negative views of the world.

Question 7

According to the authors,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The authors state that "gender differences in depression are not universal, and there is widespread recognition that women may be overrepresented in clinical samples" (paragraph 2). This indicates that option A, which states that gender differences in depression are not universal, is true. Option B is not supported by the text, as the authors state that "the gender gap in depression may be smaller or nonexistent in certain populations, such as in non-Western cultures" (paragraph 2). Option C is not accurate, as the authors state that "women are consistently more likely than men to meet diagnostic criteria for depression" (paragraph 1). Option D is not supported by the text, as the authors indicate that gender differences may vary across cultures.

Question 8

Which of the following losses might serve as a starting point for one's experience of major depressive disorder?

Accepted Answer

The loss of a job is a major life stressor and can trigger a depressive episode, particularly if it leads to difficulties in finding new employment. Losses such as those in options A and B may cause disappointment or sadness but generally do not rise to the level of major depression. The loss of a sick colleague (option C) may also be upsetting, but it is less likely to lead to major depression.

Question 9

A counterintuitive research finding involving depression is that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that depressed individuals often have a more realistic view of their circumstances, a phenomenon known as "depressive realism," whereas nondepressed individuals may have an optimistic bias.

Question 10

To remember ________,think of "cycles" of up and down moods.

Accepted Answer

Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by cyclical mood swings that range from mild depression to hypomania (less severe than mania). The word "cycles" in the prompt is a clue, as cyclothymic disorder is the only option with cycling moods. Major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and seasonal affective disorder do not have cyclical mood patterns as part of their diagnostic criteria.

Question 11

According to the ______________ model of depression,when people become depressed they seek excessive reassurance,which,in turn,leads others to dislike and reject them,which can maintain or worsen their depression.

Accepted Answer

The described model is known as the interpersonal model of depression, which highlights how depression can be maintained or worsened by interpersonal factors such as excessive reassurance seeking and resulting rejection by others. The behavioural model emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior, the cognitive model emphasizes the role of negative thinking patterns, and the learned helplessness model emphasizes the role of perceived lack of control in depression.

Question 12

Mohammed is a 15-year-old boy displaying persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme,out of control behaviour that cannot be explained by life events.Mohammed should be assessed for what type of mood disorder?

Accepted Answer

Mohammed's symptoms are indicative of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, which is characterized by persistent irritability and frequent outbursts of extreme behaviour that is out of proportion to the situation. This disorder is typically diagnosed in children and adolescents who have difficulty regulating their emotions and behaviour. Bipolar disorder I would require the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes, which are not described in Mohammed's presentation. Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by fluctuating but less severe mood swings than bipolar disorder and would not be an appropriate diagnosis based on this presentation.

Question 13

Which of the following examples demonstrates what the cognitive model means when it discusses selective abstraction?

Accepted Answer

Selective abstraction refers to selectively attending to and magnifying specific details while ignoring others that contradict one's beliefs or expectations. Ruth's focus on a single incorrect answer in class as the reason for feeling like an outsider in all her classes is an example of selective abstraction.

Question 14

For some people,their depression lasts only from December to February but returns at the same time each year.This is what psychologists call

Accepted Answer

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that typically occurs during the winter months when there is less sunlight. Symptoms usually start in the fall and continue through the winter, but improve in the spring and summer. It is considered a subtype of major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder and cyclothymia are not specific to a seasonal pattern of depressive symptoms.

Question 15

Russell has had bouts of mild depression for years,yet tends to display a more accurate view of his circumstances and recognizes factors such as job stress,rejection,and change,which lead to his depressive episodes.Russell's thoughts represent a phenomenon called

Accepted Answer

Russell's thoughts represent the phenomenon of depressive realism, which is a tendency for people with mild depression to have a more accurate view of their circumstances and recognize factors that contribute to their depression. This is in contrast to people without depression who may have a more optimistic or overgeneralized view of their situation. Illusory control refers to the belief that one can control outcomes that are actually outside of their control, while learned helplessness refers to the belief that one has no control over their outcomes. Overgeneralization involves drawing broad conclusions based on limited evidence.

Question 16

One suggestion for overcoming depression is given by the behavioural model.What is it?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural model suggests that engaging in pleasurable activities can create positive reinforcement for one's behaviour, which can help to alleviate symptoms of depression. This can be difficult to do when experiencing depression, as it often leads to a lack of motivation and interest in activities, but making an effort to engage in pleasurable activities even when they don't feel appealing can help to improve mood and wellbeing. Options A and B focus on cognitive and social factors, respectively, which may also play a role in depression but do not specifically address the behavioural model. Option D is an unhelpful and unrealistic suggestion that could exacerbate feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Question 17

__________is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

Accepted Answer

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of mood disorder characterized by depressive symptoms that occur during the winter months when there is less natural daylight. SAD is caused by a lack of exposure to sunlight, which can disrupt the body's circadian rhythms and affect the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and melatonin. Bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and cyclothymia are all mood disorders but are not specifically related to changes in light levels.

Question 18

Excessive spending,reckless driving,and unprotected sex are all characteristics of what mood disorder?

Accepted Answer

Excessive spending, reckless driving, and unprotected sex are commonly exhibited during a manic episode, which is a defining symptom of bipolar disorder type I.

Question 19

Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depressive disorder,or clinical depression as it is often called,suggests that

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder in North America.

Question 20

According to the cognitive model of depression,one's negative beliefs develop as the result of

Accepted Answer

The cognitive model of depression suggests that negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future develop as a result of experiencing numerous and prolonged negative life events, such as failure and rejection. These negative experiences can lead individuals to develop automatic negative thoughts, which can become deeply ingrained and generalized to other situations, leading to a negative cognitive schema or worldview. This negative schema contributes to the development and maintenance of depression.

Quiz 15: D: Psychological Disorders