A Freudian psychotherapist would assert that an alcoholic or a chain-smoker is stuck in what stage of development?

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According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the oral stage occurs from birth to about 18 months old. During this stage, infants derive pleasure mainly from sucking and biting. If the infant's needs are not adequately met during this stage, then their personality may be fixated at this stage, leading to an oral fixation, which may manifest as an addiction to substances such as alcohol or tobacco. Therefore, a Freudian psychotherapist would assert that an alcoholic or a chain-smoker is stuck in the oral stage of development.

A Freudian Psychotherapist Would Assert That an Alcoholic or a Chain-Smoker