Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called _____ variables.

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Confounding variables are those that are related to both the independent and dependent variables, and can affect the results of the study. They can be controlled for by either randomly assigning participants to groups or by matching participants on these variables. Irrelevant variables do not have any systematic relationship with the independent variable and blind variables refer to participants or researchers not knowing the group assignment. Controlled variables are those that are deliberately kept constant throughout the study.

Factors Other Than the Independent Variable May Also Act on the Dependent