Question 1

Which is an example of falsification in research?

Accepted Answer

Falsification is manipulating research materials,equipment,or processes,or changing or omitting data or results so that the research is not accurately represented.Plagiarism is citing another's research and claiming it as one's own.Fabrication involves making up results and reporting them.Lack of informed consent occurs when the researcher fails to gain consent from study subjects.

Question 2

A researcher wants to study whether showing a video about car safety increases the likelihood of car seat use among a group of first-time parents.When obtaining informed consent,the researcher must include: (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

Anonymity and voluntary participation must be assured in all research involving human subjects.In this study,parents who know ahead of time that the purpose is to see whether car seat use is increased may increase their use of car seats whether or not they view the video.In some cases,a statement of the research purpose can influence the results and a consent to incomplete disclosure may be obtained instead.

Question 3

A nurse researcher who wishes to use animals in a research study must include which elements in an animal use protocol? (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

An animal use protocol must include details on the animal living conditions and veterinary care, procedures to minimize pain and distress, and justification for the use of animals over humans. The assurance that animals will be kept alive is assumed and does not need to be explicitly stated in the protocol.

Question 4

A researcher combines data from another researcher's study along with data from the reported study in graphs without noting the source of the data.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of plagiarism, as the researcher is using data from another researcher's study without properly acknowledging or citing the source. This is a serious ethical violation in research.

Question 5

Which federal agency was established to manage investigations of misconduct in research?

Accepted Answer

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) was established in 1992 to manage investigations of misconduct in research funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The other options (A, C) are relevant to health and research regulation, but not specifically focused on investigations of misconduct in research. The DHHS (B) does fund research and oversees many health-related programs, but the ORI is the federal agency specifically responsible for investigating and managing research misconduct.

Question 6

According to the HIPAA privacy rules,which are covered entities that may use and disclose a limited data set to researchers for study? (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

Healthcare providers,health plans,and healthcare clearinghouses are covered entities.Institutional Review Boards and researchers are not correct statements.

Question 7

Which unethical study in previous history involved withholding a treatment from subjects in order to study the effects of a disease progression on subjects?

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is the unethical study in previous history that involved withholding a treatment from subjects in order to study the effects of a disease progression on subjects. The study was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972 and involved denying treatment for syphilis to a group of African American men for the purpose of studying the natural progression of the disease. This unethical study resulted in significant harm to the participants and their families and is considered a seminal event in the history of medical research ethics.

Question 8

A researcher gives healthy adult subjects a handout explaining the nature of a study and then obtains written consent from those who choose to participate.Which statement is true about this process?

Accepted Answer

These subjects have been given written information,but have not stated their understanding,so informed consent has not been obtained.Informed consent implies not only that the researcher has imparted information to the subjects,but also that the prospective subjects have comprehended the information.The researcher needs to discuss the information with the subjects and ask them to restate the information to assess their understanding.The subjects have voluntarily consented to participate.The researcher disclosed information to the subjects about the study.

Question 9

A researcher has submitted a proposal to an Institutional Review Board (IRB)to evaluate the effects of a new drug on newborn infants.In this case,members of the IRB should include: (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

When selecting an IRB,there must be at least five members of varying backgrounds to promote a complete,scholarly,and fair review of research.When vulnerable subjects such as newborns are part of a study,at least one member must have knowledge and experience in working with these subjects.A neonatologist and a hospital pharmacist would both be included in this case.All IRBs must have an ethicist,lawyer,or minister whose primary concern is nonscientific.A pharmaceutical representative would have a conflict of interest in promoting the drug.

Question 10

Which of the following represent some degree of risk of causing discomfort or harm to subjects in a study? (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

Asking parents to complete a questionnaire increases the risk of temporary discomfort associated with filling out the form.Interviewing nursing home residents increases the risk of discomfort because it may invoke bad memories.Using pathology reports does not confer benefits to the subjects and may run the risk of invasion of privacy.Assessing the numbers of males and females does not increase risk or cause discomfort.

Question 11

A researcher conducts a study to evaluate the frequency of intimate partner violence among females treated for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).When collecting data,which action may be problematic when protecting subjects' rights?

Accepted Answer

Instructing subjects to complete every item on the questionnaire may be problematic as it could put pressure on the subjects to answer questions they are uncomfortable with or divulge private information they may not want to share. This could compromise their autonomy and right to privacy. It is important to ensure that participation in the study is voluntary and that subjects have the right to skip any questions they do not wish to answer.

Question 12

Which situation may allow waiving the need to obtain written consent for participation in a research study?

Accepted Answer

Subjects who do not want documentation linking them to the research who have received information and demonstrated comprehension of the information may have consent waived if they desire.Informal studies and those using questionnaires about potentially harmful subjects do not meet the requirements for waiving of consent.Informal studies and those using questionnaires about potentially harmful subjects do not meet the requirements for waiving of consent.Anonymity can be maintained even with signed consent.

Question 13

A researcher makes an honest error when tabulating and analyzing research findings.According to the Office of Research Integrity,this constitutes:

Accepted Answer

A researcher making an honest error is not guilty of misconduct.Fabrication refers to making up results and recording or reporting them.Falsification is manipulating research materials,equipment,or processes,or changing or omitting data or results so that the research is not accurately represented.Misrepresentation refers to presenting data inaccurately.

Question 14

Which patient information requires deidentifying in order to maintain privacy? (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

E-mail addresses, full-face photographs, and medical record numbers are considered identifiable information under HIPAA and require deidentification to maintain patient privacy. State of residence alone is not considered identifiable.

Quiz 4: Examining Ethics in Nursing Research