Question 1

Professor Alvarado is reviewing with students for an upcoming exam. He is testing them on the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement designs. All of the following would be noted as advantages for behavior diaries, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics are not an advantage of behavior diaries, as they can potentially bias the data by altering the behavior being observed. The other options listed are advantages of behavior diaries: real-time data collection allows for accurate recording of behavior as it occurs, concurrent data collection can capture multiple behaviors simultaneously, and the use of behavior diaries can reduce retrospective bias by having participants record their behavior as it happens rather than relying on memory.

Question 2

William has been having a great deal of trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. He is currently under the treatment of a sleep doctor. His doctor said he needed more data to determine an appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan. William's doctor would most likely request:

Accepted Answer

A behavioral diary would allow William to record his sleep patterns and behaviors, providing the doctor with more data to make a diagnosis and create a treatment plan. Pretest-posttest and repeated measures designs are typically used in experimental research, rather than clinical diagnosis and treatment. Quasi-experimental designs are used when random assignment to groups is not possible, but this is not relevant to William's situation.

Question 3

What can be gained from examining pretest and posttest data?

Accepted Answer

Pretest and posttest data can be used to determine the impact of the treatment or manipulation on participants, by comparing the changes in scores from before and after the treatment. Other options such as determining long-term prognosis, response in multiple levels, or testing a between-subjects design may require different types of data or analyses.

Question 4

Dr. Matthis was conducting a lecture on design methodology and was describing what type of data is obtained from the use of behavioral diaries. Behavioral diaries main use is for:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral diaries are a type of self-report data in which an individual records their own behavior, thoughts, and emotions over a specified period of time. They are typically used in fields such as psychology, medicine, and marketing research to gain insight into an individual's daily activities and experiences.

Question 5

The process of using behavioral diaries is similar to what other type of research design?

Accepted Answer

The process of using behavioral diaries is similar to naturalistic observation, which involves observing and recording behavior in natural settings without manipulating the environment. Like naturalistic observation, using behavioral diaries involves collecting data on behavior as it occurs in real-life situations without intervention or manipulation by researchers.

Question 6

Why is a pretest-posttest design considered a within-subjects design?

Accepted Answer

A pretest-posttest design is considered a within-subjects design because each participant serves as their own control. They are measured twice, once before any intervention (pretest) and once after the intervention has been implemented (posttest). This allows for a more rigorous evaluation of the intervention's effectiveness as it controls for individual differences between participants.

Question 7

Professor Marks is most interested in whether his students' knowledge increased during the progression of his math course. Students took a quiz at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Professor Marks used a:

Accepted Answer

A pretest-posttest design involves measuring participants' knowledge or behavior both before and after an intervention (in this case, the math course). Therefore, it is the best choice for Professor Marks' study. A longitudinal design involves studying participants over a long period of time, a Latin square design involves controlling for order effects in a repeated-measures study, and a repeated-measures design involves measuring the same participants multiple times under different conditions.

Question 8

Dr. Kilgore was explaining the process of behavioral diaries and he described the method as recording behaviors:

Accepted Answer

Dr. Kilgore described the process of behavioral diaries as recording behaviors in real-time. This means that the behaviors are being recorded as they happen, rather than being remembered from the past or imagined for the future. Option A is incorrect because it is focused on past behaviors, while option B is focused on future behaviors. Option D is incorrect because it suggests that the recorded behaviors are goals that have not been completed, which is not necessarily true for behavioral diaries.

Question 9

Rosio needs to complete an initial assessment survey at her new doctor's office. The doctor is likely to use this data as a:

Accepted Answer

The doctor is likely to use the initial assessment survey as a baseline measurement to understand Rosio's current health status and track any changes or improvements over time.

Question 10

Dr. Pierre just completed an innovative study examining mood reactions before and after exposure to watching videos of childbirth for both humans and animals. Dr. Pierre collected baseline measurement data on the mood of each participant prior to implementation of videos. Dr. Pierre is using what design?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Pierre is using a repeated measures design because she is collecting data on the same participants before and after exposure to the videos. This design allows her to compare mood reactions within the same group over time.

Question 11

In addition to being considered a within-subjects design the longitudinal approach is also considered a:

Accepted Answer

The longitudinal approach is a type of repeated-measures design where data is collected from the same participants over a longer period of time. This allows for the examination of changes within individuals over time, rather than just comparing different individuals or groups. Therefore, the correct answer is C - repeated-measures design.

Question 12

The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observation in research is that:

Accepted Answer

The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observation in research is that in naturalistic observations the observer is recording the target person's behavior, whereas in behavioral diaries, the target person is recording their own behavior. So Option A and C are incorrect. Option D is also incorrect as there is a significant difference between the two methods. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Question 13

Why is a longitudinal design considered a within-subjects design?

Accepted Answer

In a longitudinal design, participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time, which means that their own scores are being compared to their scores at a different time point. This is why it is considered a within-subjects design, as each participant serves as their own control group.

Question 14

Why is a repeated-measures design considered a within-subjects design?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is a repeated-measures design considered a...

Question 15

Mr. McGrew needs to conduct an initial assessment on all of his soccer players to see if they are in shape after a summer of no practices. Mr. McGrew is conducting a:

Accepted Answer

Mr. McGrew is conducting a baseline measurement because he's measuring the initial level of his players before implementing any interventions or changes. This will help him evaluate the effectiveness of any future interventions or changes.

Question 16

Dr. Ulku is developing a new study and submitting a grant to help fund the implementation of that study. She is going to take baseline measurements at the initial assessment and will be measuring responses before and after exposure to a bright UV light and images of natural disasters. Dr. Ulku is using what design?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Ulku is developing a new study...

Question 17

There are many methods to control for retrospective bias, but the most preferred method by researchers is to have participants:

Accepted Answer

Keeping a behavior diary is a preferred method to control for retrospective bias as it allows participants to record their behaviors and experiences in real-time, reducing reliance on memory and minimizing bias.

Question 18

Mr. McPiln wants to survey customers on whether they were happy with their customer service experience during last year's holiday season. However, Mr. McPiln is hesitant to do so because it has been a while since the customers had this experience. Mr. McPiln is concerned about:

Accepted Answer

Retrospective bias occurs when participants are asked to recall past events, which can lead to inaccuracies or biases in their responses. In this case, Mr. McPiln is concerned that customers may not accurately remember their customer service experiences from last year's holiday season, leading to retrospective bias.

Question 19

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding longitudinal research designs?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research designs involve studying the same group of individuals over a period of time, with measurements taken at multiple time points. This means that the design involves one group of subjects, and therefore is a within-subjects design. Choice A is incorrect because it suggests that different groups of subjects are being studied, which is not the case in longitudinal research. Choice B is incorrect because mixed factorial designs involve manipulating more than one independent variable, and this is not necessarily the case in longitudinal research. Choice C is incorrect because counterbalancing involves systematically varying the order in which different conditions are presented to different groups of subjects, which is not applicable in longitudinal research where only one group is being studied.

Question 20

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding pretest-posttest research designs?

Accepted Answer

Pretest-posttest research designs involve measuring the same group of individuals before and after an intervention or treatment. Therefore, this is considered a within-subjects design, as opposed to a between-subjects design (A), which involves comparing different groups of individuals, or a mixed factorial design (B), which involves manipulating multiple independent variables. Pretest-posttest designs may or may not be counterbalanced (C), depending on the design and the variables being manipulated.

Quiz 10: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us