A random sample of females was observed to exhibit a lower average level of self-esteem than a random sample of males. To assess the likelihood that this observed difference reflects a real difference in the average self-esteem of the total population of males and females, it is necessary to

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To assess the likelihood that the observed difference reflects a real difference in the average self-esteem of the total population of males and females, we need to conduct a statistical significance test where we can compare the means of the two groups and determine if the difference is statistically significant. Other options such as constructing a scatterplot or calculating a correlation coefficient are not relevant in this scenario as they refer to assessing the association between two variables, while we are interested in assessing the difference in means between two groups. Plotting the distribution of self-esteem levels among all males and females could be informative, but it does not directly address the question of whether the observed difference is statistically significant or not.

A Random Sample of Females Was Observed to Exhibit a Lower