Question 1

Show how you can form $\delta$-aminolevulinate from either glycine and succinyl-CoA or from glutamate.

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Question 2

Draw the structure of 5'-UMP (uridylic acid). Circle those carbon atoms donated by atoms derived from aspartate.

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Question 3

Cytidylate synthetase (CTP synthetase) is allosterically regulated by both ATP and UTP. How do you predict they will affect the activity of this enzyme?

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Question 4

Draw the structure of 5'-IMP. Indicate with arrows those carbon atoms donated by derivatives of tetrahydrofolate and circle the atoms derived from glycine.

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Question 5

Explain how lack of adenosine deaminase leads to a 100-fold increase in dATP, yet also causes a deficiency in dNTPs required for replication of T-cells and B-cells required for a functioning immune system.

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Question 6

Draw the structure of 5'-GMP. Indicate with an arrow the atom(s) derived from glutamine's amide group(s).

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Question 7

Reduction of nitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) is energetically favorable. Why do nitrogen-fixing bacteria require a substantial amount of ATP to make this process proceed?

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Question 8

If acetyl-CoA containing radiolabeled carbons in the acetyl group was used to synthesize leucine, where would the radioactive carbons be found?

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Question 9

If acetyl-CoA containing radiolabeled carbons in the acetyl group was used to synthesize arginine, where would the radioactive carbons be found?

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Question 10

Draw the structure of deoxythymidylic acid (dTMP). Indicate the source of each N and each C in the thymine ring, including its substituents.

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Question 11

What is the role of leghemoglobin in root nodules of legumes with respect to nitrogen fixation?

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Question 12

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is activated by ATP and PRPP but inhibited by UMP. How does this make metabolic sense? How does it compare to the regulation of ATCase?

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Question 13

Match the signaling molecule with its amino acid precursor (a given precursor may be used more than once or not at all):

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Question 14

Diagram the biosynthetic pathway from UMP to dTTP. Use abbreviations (e.g., UMP), not complete structures, and indicate where any co-substrates participate.

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Question 15

Azaserine is a structural analog of glutamine. It is a competitive inhibitor of many enzymes that use glutamine as substrates. Name) three biosynthetic products whose synthesis you would expect to be inhibited by azaserine. Do you think that eating azaserine would be immediately fatal? Why or why not?

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Question 16

Draw the structure of 5'AMP. What is the first "committed" step in the biosynthetic sequence that leads to 5'AMP? How is this step regulated?

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Question 17

Describe the pathway by which GMP is converted into GTP; show the co-substrates that are involved and name the enzymes.

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Question 18

Show the reaction catalyzed by thymidylate synthase and explain with a simple diagram how the chemotherapeutic agents fluorouracil and methotrexate inhibit the synthesis of dTMP.

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Quiz 22: Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Show how you can form $\delta$ -aminolevulinate from either glycine and succinyl-CoA or from glutamate.

Draw the structure of 5'-UMP (uridylic acid). Circle those carbon atoms donated by atoms derived from aspartate.

Cytidylate synthetase (CTP synthetase) is allosterically regulated by both ATP and UTP. How do you predict they will affect the activity of this enzyme?

Draw the structure of 5'-IMP. Indicate with arrows those carbon atoms donated by derivatives of tetrahydrofolate and circle the atoms derived from glycine.

Explain how lack of adenosine deaminase leads to a 100-fold increase in dATP, yet also causes a deficiency in dNTPs required for replication of T-cells and B-cells required for a functioning immune system.

Draw the structure of 5'-GMP. Indicate with an arrow the atom(s) derived from glutamine's amide group(s).

Reduction of nitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) is energetically favorable. Why do nitrogen-fixing bacteria require a substantial amount of ATP to make this process proceed?

If acetyl-CoA containing radiolabeled carbons in the acetyl group was used to synthesize leucine, where would the radioactive carbons be found?

If acetyl-CoA containing radiolabeled carbons in the acetyl group was used to synthesize arginine, where would the radioactive carbons be found?

Draw the structure of deoxythymidylic acid (dTMP). Indicate the source of each N and each C in the thymine ring, including its substituents.

What is the role of leghemoglobin in root nodules of legumes with respect to nitrogen fixation?

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is activated by ATP and PRPP but inhibited by UMP. How does this make metabolic sense? How does it compare to the regulation of ATCase?

Match the signaling molecule with its amino acid precursor (a given precursor may be used more than once or not at all):

Diagram the biosynthetic pathway from UMP to dTTP. Use abbreviations (e.g., UMP), not complete structures, and indicate where any co-substrates participate.

Draw the structure of 5'AMP. What is the first "committed" step in the biosynthetic sequence that leads to 5'AMP? How is this step regulated?

Describe the pathway by which GMP is converted into GTP; show the co-substrates that are involved and name the enzymes.

Show the reaction catalyzed by thymidylate synthase and explain with a simple diagram how the chemotherapeutic agents fluorouracil and methotrexate inhibit the synthesis of dTMP.

Quiz 22: Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Show how you can form δ\deltaδ -aminolevulinate from either glycine and succinyl-CoA or from glutamate.

Draw the structure of 5'-UMP (uridylic acid). Circle those carbon atoms donated by atoms derived from aspartate.

Cytidylate synthetase (CTP synthetase) is allosterically regulated by both ATP and UTP. How do you predict they will affect the activity of this enzyme?

Draw the structure of 5'-IMP. Indicate with arrows those carbon atoms donated by derivatives of tetrahydrofolate and circle the atoms derived from glycine.

Explain how lack of adenosine deaminase leads to a 100-fold increase in dATP, yet also causes a deficiency in dNTPs required for replication of T-cells and B-cells required for a functioning immune system.

Draw the structure of 5'-GMP. Indicate with an arrow the atom(s) derived from glutamine's amide group(s).

Reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) is energetically favorable. Why do nitrogen-fixing bacteria require a substantial amount of ATP to make this process proceed?

If acetyl-CoA containing radiolabeled carbons in the acetyl group was used to synthesize leucine, where would the radioactive carbons be found?

If acetyl-CoA containing radiolabeled carbons in the acetyl group was used to synthesize arginine, where would the radioactive carbons be found?

Draw the structure of deoxythymidylic acid (dTMP). Indicate the source of each N and each C in the thymine ring, including its substituents.

What is the role of leghemoglobin in root nodules of legumes with respect to nitrogen fixation?

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is activated by ATP and PRPP but inhibited by UMP. How does this make metabolic sense? How does it compare to the regulation of ATCase?

Match the signaling molecule with its amino acid precursor (a given precursor may be used more than once or not at all):

Diagram the biosynthetic pathway from UMP to dTTP. Use abbreviations (e.g., UMP), not complete structures, and indicate where any co-substrates participate.

Draw the structure of 5'AMP. What is the first "committed" step in the biosynthetic sequence that leads to 5'AMP? How is this step regulated?

Describe the pathway by which GMP is converted into GTP; show the co-substrates that are involved and name the enzymes.

Show the reaction catalyzed by thymidylate synthase and explain with a simple diagram how the chemotherapeutic agents fluorouracil and methotrexate inhibit the synthesis of dTMP.

Show how you can form $\delta$ -aminolevulinate from either glycine and succinyl-CoA or from glutamate.

Reduction of nitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) is energetically favorable. Why do nitrogen-fixing bacteria require a substantial amount of ATP to make this process proceed?