Which of the Following BEST Describes How ATP Synthase Converts

Which of the following BEST describes how ATP synthase converts the potential energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP? Do protons flow through the F₀ or F₁?

A) Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the F₀ subunit; the rotation of the F₀ subunit leads to rotation of the F₁ subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis.
B) The flow of protons through the F₀ subunit reduces the F₁ subunit, which allows ADP to be oxidized to ATP.
C) The flow of protons through the F₀ subunit oxidizes the F₁ subunit, which allows ADP to be reduced to ATP.
D) Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is stored in a new electrochemical gradient within the F₀ subunit. The potential energy of the electrochemical gradient, in turn, is converted to kinetic energy in the F₁ subunit and used to catalyze ATP synthesis.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.