Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are

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Gymnosperms and angiosperms both produce seeds, which provide protection and nourishment for the developing embryo. They also produce pollen, allowing them to reproduce without water, which is essential for life on dry land. These adaptations were absent in earlier plant groups.

Two Characteristics Shared by Gymnosperms and Angiosperms That Are Absent