Genetics: Analysis and Principles 5th Edition by Robert Brooker

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A gel retardation assay can be used to determine if a protein binds to a segment of DNA. When a segment of DNA is bound by a protein, its mobility will be retarded, and the DNA band will appear higher in the gel. In the gel retardation assay shown here, a cloned gene fragment that is 750 bp in length contains a regulatory element that is recognized by a transcription factor called protein X. Previous experiments have shown that the presence of hormone X results in transcriptional activation by protein X. The results of a gel retardation assay are shown here.
a.
Explain the action of hormone X.