Introduction to Psychology 10th Edition by Rod Plotnik,Haig Kouyoumdjian

تمرين 18

An unpleasant state in which we have feelings of uneasiness and apprehension as well as increased physiological arousal is called (a) _____. This feeling has at least three causes. One is classical conditioning of an emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus; the result is called a (b) _____ response. A second cause is a form of learning that develops through watching and does not require any observable behavior or reinforcer; this is called (c) _____ learning. According to Freud, anxiety arises when the id and superego disagree, leading to an (d) _____ conflict, which results in the ego producing a feeling of anxiety.