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Cognitive Psychology 4th Edition by Bruce Goldstein
النسخة 4الرقم المعياري الدولي: 978-1305416420Cognitive Psychology 4th Edition by Bruce Goldstein
النسخة 4الرقم المعياري الدولي: 978-1305416420 تمرين 2
Why could we say that Donders and Ebbinghaus were cognitive psychologists, even though in the 19th century there was no field called cognitive psychology? Describe Donders's experiment and the rationale behind it, and Ebbinghaus's memory experiments. What do Donders's and Ebbinghaus's experiments have in common?
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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychological study about the cognition of mind. The cognition refers to the mental processes, such as perception, memory, attention and other processes of the mind.
Cognitive psychology was not derived until 1967. However, there were some experiments by researchers in the 19 th century, which paved way for the modern day cognitive psychology field of study. These early experiments were the ' Reaction time experiment ' by Donder and ' Memory experiment ' by Ebbinghaus. These researchers first attempted to study the mind and the mental processes, scientifically.
Donder's experiment dealt with the mental process of decision making and the time taken for it. This was determined by calculating the time taken to respond to the perception of a given stimulus.
In the first part of the experiment, simple reaction time task , his participants were asked to press the button upon presentation of light. In the second part, he presented the participants with a light on the right and other on the left, and asked them to press the left or right button, accordingly. This was a choice reaction time task.
The difference between the reaction time taken for the conditioned response and the simple response was the actual time for decision making. Thus, the mental response was calculated based on the inference of the behavior response.
The experiment performed by Donder proved that it is possible to study the mind and mental processes. The time taken for any mental response, that is perception of a stimulus and response to it, has to be determined from the behavior.
The rationale behind Donder's experiment is that, upon presentation of the light (stimulus), a mental response occurs (perception of light). This leads to the behavior response (pressing of button). The time taken for a mental response is the reaction time that is the time from the stimulus presentation to the behavior response.
The memory experiment by Ebbinghaus dealt with the mental process of forgetting a learned thing in the course of time, and the pertaining memory of what had been learned. In the first part of the experiment of initial viewing, he went through a list of non-sense syllables for the first time, using a memory drum device. Then, in the learning process, he read the list various times until he could predict each syllable form the one before. He, thus, noted the repetitions required for learning of the list.
After certain time, he again went through the list of syllables and tried to relearn by prediction of the correct order. Ebbinghaus, then, calculated the savings score by removing the number of trials required to predict the list after a delay from the trials number required to predict them when learned for the first time. From this experiment, he determined that memory could be quantified from the retention time interval and that forgetting was function of the mind.
The early pioneers of cognitive psychology, Donder and Ebbinghaus, proved through their experiments, that the study of cognition or the property of mind could be inferred from the measurement of the behavior.
Cognitive psychology was not derived until 1967. However, there were some experiments by researchers in the 19 th century, which paved way for the modern day cognitive psychology field of study. These early experiments were the ' Reaction time experiment ' by Donder and ' Memory experiment ' by Ebbinghaus. These researchers first attempted to study the mind and the mental processes, scientifically.
Donder's experiment dealt with the mental process of decision making and the time taken for it. This was determined by calculating the time taken to respond to the perception of a given stimulus.
In the first part of the experiment, simple reaction time task , his participants were asked to press the button upon presentation of light. In the second part, he presented the participants with a light on the right and other on the left, and asked them to press the left or right button, accordingly. This was a choice reaction time task.
The difference between the reaction time taken for the conditioned response and the simple response was the actual time for decision making. Thus, the mental response was calculated based on the inference of the behavior response.
The experiment performed by Donder proved that it is possible to study the mind and mental processes. The time taken for any mental response, that is perception of a stimulus and response to it, has to be determined from the behavior.
The rationale behind Donder's experiment is that, upon presentation of the light (stimulus), a mental response occurs (perception of light). This leads to the behavior response (pressing of button). The time taken for a mental response is the reaction time that is the time from the stimulus presentation to the behavior response.
The memory experiment by Ebbinghaus dealt with the mental process of forgetting a learned thing in the course of time, and the pertaining memory of what had been learned. In the first part of the experiment of initial viewing, he went through a list of non-sense syllables for the first time, using a memory drum device. Then, in the learning process, he read the list various times until he could predict each syllable form the one before. He, thus, noted the repetitions required for learning of the list.
After certain time, he again went through the list of syllables and tried to relearn by prediction of the correct order. Ebbinghaus, then, calculated the savings score by removing the number of trials required to predict the list after a delay from the trials number required to predict them when learned for the first time. From this experiment, he determined that memory could be quantified from the retention time interval and that forgetting was function of the mind.
The early pioneers of cognitive psychology, Donder and Ebbinghaus, proved through their experiments, that the study of cognition or the property of mind could be inferred from the measurement of the behavior.
Cognitive Psychology 4th Edition by Bruce Goldstein
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