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The Living World 8th Edition by George Johnson
النسخة 8الرقم المعياري الدولي: 978-0078024214The Living World 8th Edition by George Johnson
النسخة 8الرقم المعياري الدولي: 978-0078024214 تمرين 14
Which Mode of Locomotion Is the Most Efficient?
Running, flying, and swimming require more energy than sitting still, but how do they compare? the greatest differences between moving on land, in the air, and in water result from the differences in support and resistance to movement provided by water and air. The weight of swimming animals is fully supported by the surrounding water, and no effort goes into supporting the body, while running and flying animals must support the full weight of their bodies. On the other hand, water presents considerable resistance to movement, air much less, so that flying and running require less energy to push the medium out of the way.
A simple way to compare the costs of moving for different animals is to determine how much energy it takes to move. The energy cost to run, fly, or swim is in each case the energy required to move one unit of body mass over one unit of distance with that mode of locomotion. (energy is measured in the metric system as a kilocalorie [ kcal ] or, technically, 4.184 kilojoules [note that the calorie measured in food diets and written
with a capital c is equivalent to 1 kcal]; body mass is measured in kilograms, where 1 kilogram [ kg ] is 2.2 pounds; distance is measured in kilometers, where 1 kilometer [ km ] is 0.62 miles). The graph to the right displays three such "cost-of-motion" studies. The blue squares represent running; the red circles, flying; and the green triangles, swimming. In each study, the line is drawn as the statistical "best fit" for the points. Some animals like humans have data in two lines, as they both run (well) and swim (poorly). Ducks have data in all three lines, as they not only fly (very well) but also run and swim (poorly).![Which Mode of Locomotion Is the Most Efficient? Running, flying, and swimming require more energy than sitting still, but how do they compare? the greatest differences between moving on land, in the air, and in water result from the differences in support and resistance to movement provided by water and air. The weight of swimming animals is fully supported by the surrounding water, and no effort goes into supporting the body, while running and flying animals must support the full weight of their bodies. On the other hand, water presents considerable resistance to movement, air much less, so that flying and running require less energy to push the medium out of the way. A simple way to compare the costs of moving for different animals is to determine how much energy it takes to move. The energy cost to run, fly, or swim is in each case the energy required to move one unit of body mass over one unit of distance with that mode of locomotion. (energy is measured in the metric system as a kilocalorie [ kcal ] or, technically, 4.184 kilojoules [note that the calorie measured in food diets and written with a capital c is equivalent to 1 kcal]; body mass is measured in kilograms, where 1 kilogram [ kg ] is 2.2 pounds; distance is measured in kilometers, where 1 kilometer [ km ] is 0.62 miles). The graph to the right displays three such cost-of-motion studies. The blue squares represent running; the red circles, flying; and the green triangles, swimming. In each study, the line is drawn as the statistical best fit for the points. Some animals like humans have data in two lines, as they both run (well) and swim (poorly). Ducks have data in all three lines, as they not only fly (very well) but also run and swim (poorly). Making Inferences a. Comparing the energy costs of running versus flying for animals of the same body mass, which mode of locomotion is the most expensive? Why would you expect this to be so? b. Comparing the energy costs of swimming to flying, which uses the least energy? why would you expect this to be so?](https://d2lvgg3v3hfg70.cloudfront.net/SM1396/11eb5dbb_bba6_562e_9b68_51d97e1c2ee3_SM1396_00.jpg)
![Which Mode of Locomotion Is the Most Efficient? Running, flying, and swimming require more energy than sitting still, but how do they compare? the greatest differences between moving on land, in the air, and in water result from the differences in support and resistance to movement provided by water and air. The weight of swimming animals is fully supported by the surrounding water, and no effort goes into supporting the body, while running and flying animals must support the full weight of their bodies. On the other hand, water presents considerable resistance to movement, air much less, so that flying and running require less energy to push the medium out of the way. A simple way to compare the costs of moving for different animals is to determine how much energy it takes to move. The energy cost to run, fly, or swim is in each case the energy required to move one unit of body mass over one unit of distance with that mode of locomotion. (energy is measured in the metric system as a kilocalorie [ kcal ] or, technically, 4.184 kilojoules [note that the calorie measured in food diets and written with a capital c is equivalent to 1 kcal]; body mass is measured in kilograms, where 1 kilogram [ kg ] is 2.2 pounds; distance is measured in kilometers, where 1 kilometer [ km ] is 0.62 miles). The graph to the right displays three such cost-of-motion studies. The blue squares represent running; the red circles, flying; and the green triangles, swimming. In each study, the line is drawn as the statistical best fit for the points. Some animals like humans have data in two lines, as they both run (well) and swim (poorly). Ducks have data in all three lines, as they not only fly (very well) but also run and swim (poorly). Making Inferences a. Comparing the energy costs of running versus flying for animals of the same body mass, which mode of locomotion is the most expensive? Why would you expect this to be so? b. Comparing the energy costs of swimming to flying, which uses the least energy? why would you expect this to be so?](https://d2lvgg3v3hfg70.cloudfront.net/SM1396/11eb5dbb_bba6_562f_9b68_33002e9589f7_SM1396_00.jpg)
Making Inferences
a. Comparing the energy costs of running versus flying for animals of the same body mass, which mode of locomotion is the most expensive? Why would you expect this to be so?
b. Comparing the energy costs of swimming to flying, which uses the least energy? why would you expect this to be so?
Running, flying, and swimming require more energy than sitting still, but how do they compare? the greatest differences between moving on land, in the air, and in water result from the differences in support and resistance to movement provided by water and air. The weight of swimming animals is fully supported by the surrounding water, and no effort goes into supporting the body, while running and flying animals must support the full weight of their bodies. On the other hand, water presents considerable resistance to movement, air much less, so that flying and running require less energy to push the medium out of the way.
A simple way to compare the costs of moving for different animals is to determine how much energy it takes to move. The energy cost to run, fly, or swim is in each case the energy required to move one unit of body mass over one unit of distance with that mode of locomotion. (energy is measured in the metric system as a kilocalorie [ kcal ] or, technically, 4.184 kilojoules [note that the calorie measured in food diets and written
with a capital c is equivalent to 1 kcal]; body mass is measured in kilograms, where 1 kilogram [ kg ] is 2.2 pounds; distance is measured in kilometers, where 1 kilometer [ km ] is 0.62 miles). The graph to the right displays three such "cost-of-motion" studies. The blue squares represent running; the red circles, flying; and the green triangles, swimming. In each study, the line is drawn as the statistical "best fit" for the points. Some animals like humans have data in two lines, as they both run (well) and swim (poorly). Ducks have data in all three lines, as they not only fly (very well) but also run and swim (poorly).
Making Inferences
a. Comparing the energy costs of running versus flying for animals of the same body mass, which mode of locomotion is the most expensive? Why would you expect this to be so?
b. Comparing the energy costs of swimming to flying, which uses the least energy? why would you expect this to be so?
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Locomotion: Activities result in a chang...
The Living World 8th Edition by George Johnson
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