Managerial Economics & Organizational Architecture 5th Edition by James Brickley, Jerold Zimmerman, Clifford Smith

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One physician who worked for a large health maintenance organization was quoted as saying:
One day I was listening to a patient's heart and realized there was an abnormal rhythm. My first thought was that I hoped that I did not have to refer the patient to a specialist.
Indeed, HMO physicians have been criticized for not making referrals when they are warranted. How do you think the physician was compensated by the HMO Explain.