Ecology 6th Edition by Charles Krebs

تمرين 7

In discussing the reality of trophic levels, Murdoch (1966a, p. 219) states:
Unlike populations, trophic levels are ill-defined and have no distinguishable lateral limits; in addition, tens of thousands of insect species, for example, live in more than one trophic level either simultaneously or at different stages of their life histories. Thus trophic levels exist only as abstractions, and unlike populations they have no empirically measurable properties or parameters.
Discuss.