The Economic Way of Thinking 13th Edition by David Prychitko, Peter Boettke, Paul Heyne

تمرين 6

Under a closed-shop arrangement, employers may hire only workers who are already union members. Under a union-shop arrangement, employers may hire whomever they please, but the employees must then join the union. What different effects would you expect these alternative arrangements to have on wages? On employment? On discrimination by the union against members of minority races? Why?