Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology 3rd Edition by Michael Maxfield, William Pasewark, Earl Babbie,Scott Pasewark

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In New York City, police officers assigned to a specialized gang squad pay special attention to graffiti, or tagging. In doing so, they conduct a type of content analysis to study actions, threats, and other messages presented in this form of communication. Describe how you would plan a formal content analysis of graffiti. Be sure to distinguish manifest and latent content, units of analysis, and coding rules for your study