Deck 15: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

Question 1

The total fertility rate is the:

A) rate at which a population doubles in size.
B) average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime.
C) median age at which women have their first child.
D) total number of children who have lived beyond the age of five years.
E) number of live births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the context of demography, which of the following best defines a population?

A) A group of people who share similar cultural values and are scattered around the world
B) A group of people who are immigrants from different countries
C) A group of people who live in similar climatic conditions across the world
D) A group of people who share a geographic territory
E) A group of people who belong to a particular age group

Answer 2

D

Question 3

China is now emitting almost twice as much carbon dioxide as the next-biggest polluter, the United States.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Total fertility rate is the number of people born every day in a country.

Question 5

The growth or decline of population involves three key factors: fertility, mortality, and migration.

Question 6

Up to 3.5 million Americans get sick every year from polluted beach water.

Question 7

Before the Industrial Revolution, urban settlements developed because people figured out how to use normal resources.

Question 8

Most of the pipes in the United States, especially in cities along the eastern seaboard, are nearly 200 years old.

Question 9

The term crude birth rate is:

A) the rate at which a population of 1,000 people double their number.
B) the number of babies for every 1,000 people that live beyond the age of three.
C) the average number of children born per day in a country.
D) the total number of births in a country in a given year.
E) the number of live births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Question 10

The rapid, unplanned, and uncontrolled spread of development into regions adjacent to cities is called urban sprawl.

Question 11

A population pyramid is a graphic depiction of a population's total fertility rate over a decade.

Question 12

By 2050, Nigeria will replace the United States as the third largest country.

Question 13

In many countries, clean water is a luxury rather than a basic human right.

Question 14

Most violence against women occurs at home instead of public places.

Question 15

Most water problems are a result of an imbalance in nature.

Question 16

_____ is the scientific study of human populations.

A) Epidemiology
B) Physiology
C) Geology
D) Demography
E) Biometrics

Question 17

The world adds almost 700,000 people each day.

Question 18

If Bryan moved from New Zealand to London, he will be an emigrant in London.

Question 19

Which of the following countries will be the world's largest by 2050?

A) China
B) India
C) Nigeria
D) United States
E) Indonesia

Question 20

One of the benefits of suburbanization is more privacy and space.

Question 21

_____ are areas of new development beyond the suburbs that are more rural but on the fringe of urbanized areas.

A) Metropolitan urban cities
B) Exurbs
C) Trade centers
D) Megacities
E) Edge cities

Question 22

Which of the following is true of migration?

A) One-quarter of the migrants in the United States are unauthorized.
B) By 2050, the total number of international migrants is expected to come down by half.
C) People who move into a country are called emigrants.
D) Mexico has the highest percentage of the world's migrants.
E) The United States has less than five percent of the world's migrants.

Question 23

A population pyramid is a graphic depiction of:

A) a population's racial and ethnic trends at a given point in time.
B) a population's emigration and immigration trends at a given point in time.
C) a population's age and sex distribution at a given point in time.
D) a population's economic and natural resources at a given point in time.
E) a population's crude birth and death rates at a given point in time.

Question 24

Caroline works for a corporation in Oriel, a city that accommodates more than 10 million inhabitants.Oriel would be known as a(n) _____.

A) suburb city
B) exurb
C) alpha city
D) global city
E) megacity

Question 25

_____ is the rapid, unplanned, and uncontrolled spread of development into regions adjacent to cities.

A) Suburbanization
B) Urban sprawl
C) Gentrification
D) Deindustrialization
E) Leapfrogging

Question 26

The crude death rate refers to:

A) the average age at which people die in a population.
B) the total number of deaths in a population in a given year.
C) the average number of children born per day in a country.
D) the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
E) the number of still births for every 100 people in a population in a given year.

Question 27

According to demographic transition theory, which of the following is a characteristic of the early industrial society stage?

A) The total fertility rate of a population at this stage is between 1.8 and 2.1.
B) Couples may have large numbers of children because they fear many of them will die.
C) Most couples adopt birth control methods to limit the number of children.
D) The decrease in child care responsibilities enables women to work outside the home.
E) Women tend to be well educated and to have full-time jobs or careers.

Question 28

A(n) _____ is a central city of at least 50,000 people and urban areas linked to it.

A) metropolitan statistical area
B) megacity
C) edge city
D) megalopolis
E) exurbanite statistical area

Question 29

Which of the following is true of population growth?

A) It implies that the total fertility rate of a population is more than 4.
B) It indicates a drastic drop in the number of crude death rates.
C) It is a population trend characterized by zero international immigrants.
D) It is a stable population level that occurs when each woman has no more than two children.
E) It indicates that one in every third couple in a population is childless.

Question 30

Michael and Belinda bought a sprawling mansion at a reasonable price in an urban neighborhood.They renovated the house to include luxurious amenities and converted a simple structure into an upscale property.This is an example of _____.

A)
Gentrification
B) urbanization
C) residential segregation
D) pocket listing
E) self-dealing

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of megacities?

A) In 1950, the world had the most number of megacities.
B) At present, Tokyo is the world's largest megacity.
C) A megacity should have no more than a million residents.
D) Most of the megacities are located in the United States.
E) Chicago is currently a megacity.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the total fertility rate (TFR)?

A) TFRs are lower in the least developed nations.
B) TFRs below 1.8 mean that a country's population is getting younger and growing fast.
C) TFRs below 2.1 mean that a country's population is decreasing and growing older.
D) High TFRs indicate increased difficulty in supporting the older population.
E) The higher the TFRs, the greater is the stability of a population.

Question 33

Africa and Asia:

A) have the most stable economy in the world.
B) have the lowest total fertility rates.
C) are urbanizing at a slower rate when compared to other regions.
D) are the world's least populated continents.
E) are home to nearly 90 percent of the world's rural population.

Question 34

Sidney came to a city to pursue a career in modelling.She found the city too crowded for her liking and decided to move to a place just outside the city.This is an example of _____.

A) urbanization
B) colonization
C) ruralization
D) suburbanization
E) globalization

Question 35

Which of the following theories maintains that population growth is kept in check and stabilizes as countries experience economic and technological development, which in turn, affects birth and death rates?

A) Neo-Malthusian theory
B) Evolution theory
C) Malthusian theory
D) Demographic transition theory
E) Population growth theory

Question 36

_____ are business centers that are within or close to suburban residential areas and include offices, schools, shopping, entertainment, malls, hotels, and medical facilities.

A) Metropolitan cities
B) Exurbs
C) Megacities
D) Villages
E) Edge cities

Question 37

Mr.and Mrs.Gomez live in Brazil with their two children.The infant mortality rate of their city is low, and the decrease in child care responsibilities allows Mrs.Gomez to pursue a career and support her family financially.In the context of the demographic transition theory, the Gomez family is most likely in the _____.

A) advanced industrial society
B) preindustrial society
C) postindustrial society
D) early industrial society
E) maturing industrial society

Question 38

Megacities are:

A) metropolitan areas with at least 10 million inhabitants.
B) cities with a total fertility rate of 4.
C) areas of new development beyond the suburbs that are more rural but on the fringe of urbanized areas.
D) cities with a stable population level not characterized by migration.
E) regions where population is minimal and resources are surplus.

Question 39

_____ is people's movement from rural areas to cities, which results in the increased size of cities.

A) Modernization
B) Localization
C) Urbanization
D) Globalization
E) Colonization

Question 40

Which of the following in the context of the Malthusian theory?

A) According to the theory, the population grows at an arithmetic rate.
B) It maintains that the population is growing faster than the food supply needed to sustain it.
C) It states that resources available to humans will quadruple by 2050.
D) Neo-Malthusians are against the old theory, and believe the population is under control.
E) According to neo-Malthusians, the earth will survive as it's a "striving planet."

Question 41

Only _____ percent of the earth's water is fresh.

A) 27
B) 15
C) 10
D) nine
E) three

Question 42

_____ and farm fertilizers are two of the major pollution sources in the United States.

A) Solar panels
B) Industrial sites
C) Nuclear energy sites
D) Construction sites
E) Mining

Question 43

New urban sociology is a view that:

A) urban changes are largely the result of decisions made by powerful capitalists and high-income groups.
B) individuals living in urban areas report better physical and emotional health compared to those living in rural areas.
C) whether they live in cities or suburbs, women generally experience fewer choices and more constraints than men.
D) cities serve more economic and social functions compared to rural regions.
E) urban residents differ in their types of interaction, lifestyles, and perceptions of urban life.

Question 44

Which of the following is a primary reason or factor that causes the greenhouse effect?

A) Carbon dioxide emissions
B) Hurricanes
C) Clean energy sources
D) Green marketing
E) Afforestation

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of climate change?

A) Global warming probably began a decade ago.
B) According to the National Climatic Data Center, there will be fewer hurricanes and tornadoes in the future.
C) Climate change is having a profound impact on every ecosystem worldwide.
D) The years 1998 to 2004 have been the hottest on record.
E) Scientists predict that climate change will result in fewer floods and landslides.

Question 46

The average person in the United States uses about _____ of water per day.

A) 200 gallons
B) 50 gallons
C) 163 gallons
D) 347 gallons
E) 413 gallons

Question 47

At least 95 percent of global warming is due to _____.

A) volcanic eruptions
B) human activities
C) changes in solar radiation
D) clean energy resources
E) natural forest fires

Question 48

Of all available water worldwide, 70 percent is consumed:

A) by industries
B) for residential use
C) for agriculture
D) by water parks
E) for landscaping

Question 49

Ralph believes that urban development is a political tactic and is controlled by laws that favor the rich.Ralph's views represent the _____ perspective.

A) functionalist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict theorist
D) feminist theorist
E) fundamentalist

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true of the environment?

A) Less than 10 percent of food gets wasted in the United States.
B) Food wastage percentage was the highest during the 1970s.
C) Up to 1,000 people in the United States get sick from polluted beach water.
D) Only 0.01 percent of the pesticides used in the United States reaches the intended target.
E) Pesticide contamination of food, water, and air was the least in 2014 according to research.

Question 51

Which of the following causes seven billion gallons of water to be wasted every day in the United States?

A) Residential wastage
B) Industry mishaps
C) Chemical spills
D) Water pipe bursts
E) Excessive recycling

Question 52

The _____ is a community of living and non-living organisms that share a physical environment.

A) stratosphere
B) ecosystem
C) exurb
D) topography
E) microclimate

Question 53

_____ emphasize gender-related constraints.

A) Feminist theories
B) Symbolic interaction theories
C) Functionalist theories
D) Economic theories
E) Conflict theories

Question 54

Which of the following is a functionalist view on urbanization?

A) Urbanism has negative consequences including alienation and friction.
B) An urbanized environment is where physical contacts are close, but social contacts are distant.
C) Urbanization is largely the result of decisions made by powerful capitalists and high-income groups.
D) Urban space is a commodity that is bought and sold for profit.
E) Cities serve many important social and economic functions, but urbanization also has its downsides.

Question 55

Sector theory was proposed by _____.

A) Robert Park
B) Homer Hoyt
C) Chauncey Harris
D) Edward Ullman
E) Ernest Burgess

Question 56

_____ are most interested in the impact of urban life on city residents and state that city residents differ in their types of lifestyles and perceptions of urban life.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Symbolic interactionists
C) Functionalists
D) Feminists
E) Socialists

Question 57

Urban ecology studies the relationships between:

A) urbanization and its effect on the economy.
B) urban development and its effect on the environment.
C) different people living in urban neighborhoods.
D) people and urban environments.
E) people's lifestyles and their residential preferences.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of the availability and consumption of water?

A) Only one percent of the earth's fresh water is available for around seven billion people.
B) The world's demand for water has decreased by 20 percent over the last half century.
C) By 2030, total global water supply will meet about 90 percent of the demand.
D) By 2050, about five percent of the population is projected to be living in areas with severe water shortages.
E) The developing world has more access to fresh water than industrialized nations.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of water consumption?

A) By 2030, total global water supply will meet 90 percent of the demand.
B) The world's demand for water has reduced by 10 percent over the last half century.
C) The average person in the United States uses about 40 gallons of water a day.
D) Industrialized nations use more water and pay less for it.
E) Europeans pay five times as much as the developing world for clean water.

Question 60

Benjie is studying the relation between certain atmospheric gases and the heating of the earth's atmosphere.He is studying about _____.

A) the greenhouse effect
B) clean energy effect
C) deforestation
D) greenwashing
E) solar flares

Question 61

How did the Industrial Revolution promote urbanization?

Question 62

Explain how the mortality rate helps demographers in understanding the changes in a population.

Question 63

_____ is an increase in the average temperature of earth's atmosphere.

A) Fracking
B) Urbanizing
C) Refreezing
D) Greenwashing
E) Global warming

Question 64

Which of the following is a true statement about the environmental performance of countries?

A) The United States is ranked higher than most developing countries for its environmental performance.
B) In a global study of 132 nations, the United States ranked only 69th in ecosystem sustainability.
C) Among the world's 16 largest economies, Japan ranks first in energy-efficiency policies and programs.
D) Many American corporations prioritize environmental protection over economic development.
E) About 85 percent of Americans say that they recycle, and 80 percent really do so.

Question 65

Define urban sprawl and job sprawl.

Question 66

Robert is the CEO of a cloth-manufacturing company.His company was recently termed a greenwasher by a leading magazine.This implies that Robert's company:

A) creates its own raw material by recycling products.
B) strictly follows environment-friendly methods of manufacturing.
C) pollutes the planet while presenting a contrary public image.
D) does not support the government's law banning the production of toxic chemicals.
E) supports the "go green" initiative and mandates it as a company policy.

Question 67

Discuss the causes of air pollution.

Question 68

Sustainable development refers to:

A) an increase in the number of business firms that indulge in greenwashing.
B) a change in the environment of a species.
C) reversal of the damage caused by humans in an attempt to save the planet.
D) a steady increase in the utilization of non-renewable energy sources.
E) economic activities that don't threaten the environment.

Question 69

Discuss the four stages of the demographic transition theory.

Question 70

Explain the process of fracking and its impact on water supplies.

Question 71

Explain the effects of pollution on the ecosystem.

Question 72

Explain the four models of city growth and change.

Question 73

Describe gentrification.

Question 74

What are the three main factors that determine a growth or decline in population?

Question 75

Describe the concept of edge cities and exurbs.

Question 76

In the context of the Malthusian theory, what are positive checks and preventive checks?

Question 77

Describe the multiple nuclei theory of city growth and change.

Question 78

Describe the first stage of demographic transition theory.

Question 79

_____ is the world's top coal producer, consumer, and importer, accounting for about half of global coal usage.

A) The United States
B) The United Kingdom
C) India
D) China
E) Russia

Question 80

What is the feminist perspective on gender roles and safety?