Deck 41: Industrial Microbiology

Question 1

To industrial microbiologists, fermentation means the mass culture of microorganisms.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The major organism used in the microbial production of citric acid is

A) Penicillium notatum.
B) Rhizopus nigrificans.
C) Aspergillus niger.
D) Lactobacillus delbrueckii.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Most biopolymers industrially produced by means of microorganisms are

A) cell wall constituents.
B) nucleic acids.
C) histones.
D) polysaccharides.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Most antibiotics are produced by

A) unicellular bacteria.
B) actinomycetes.
C) yeasts.
D) protozoa.

Question 5

Frequently a critical component in the medium, often the carbon source, is added _____________ so that the microorganisms will not have excess substrate available at any given time.

A) sporadically
B) continuously
C) gradually
D) none of the choices

Question 6

The first penicillin-producing fungus that could be grown in stirred fermenters was

A) Penicillium notatum.
B) Aspergillus niger.
C) Penicillium chrysogenum.
D) Pisolithus tinctorius.

Question 7

The approach of using mutagenesis and genetic selection to produce microbes with new degradative capabilities or the ability to produce compounds with new and unique properties is called ______________ evolution.

Question 8

Primary metabolites

A) include compounds such as antibiotics and mycotoxins.
B) include bacteriocins and other similar cytotoxic compounds.
C) are compounds needed for the synthesis of microbial cells in the primary growth phase.
D) are compounds that accumulate during the period after primary growth phase and have no direct relationship to the synthesis of cell materials.

Question 9

Although a small fraction of the citric acid used in the food and beverage industry is produced by microbial fermentation, most industrially used citric acid is derived directly from citrus fruit.

Question 10

Molecules produced by a cell that are not directly related to the synthesis of cell materials and that are usually produced after the growth phase has ended are called __________ __________.

Question 11

The medium used in protoplast fusion experiments is

A) isotonic.
B) hypotonic.
C) hypertonic.
D) none of the choices

Question 12

Stirred ____________ can range in size from 3 liters to 100,000 liters or larger, depending on production requirements.

Question 13

Penicillin is produced by some

A) bacteria.
B) fungi.
C) actinomycetes.
D) protozoan.

Question 14

Production of semisynthetic penicillins involves chemical modification of a penicillin product after it has been released from penicillin producing cells.

Question 15

In the process of protoplast fusion, cells are grown in a medium that contains

A) DNA ligases.
B) lysozyme for bacteria.
C) chitinase for yeast.
D) RNAses.
E) either lysozyme or chitinase, depending on the type of cells.

Question 16

A major advantage of protoplast fusion is the fact that

A) the microbes are rendered harmless by the process.
B) protoplasts of different microbial species can be fused.
C) the protoplast condition can easily be maintained indefinitely.
D) all of the choices

Question 17

Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the large scale industrial production of

A) vitamin B1.
B) antibiotics.
C) amino acids.
D) polysaccharides.

Question 18

Microbially produced glycolipid surfactants are used for

A) emulsification and increasing detergency, which aids in biodegradability.
B) solubilization of hydrophobic compounds, which enhances cleanup and recovery of oil from spills.
C) prevention or reduction of microbial growth on surfaces, decreasing transmission of disease.
D) both emulsification and increasing detergency and solubilization of hydrophobic compounds
E) both emulsification and increasing detergency and prevention or reduction of microbial growth on surfaces

Question 19

To assure maximum production of desired metabolites, it is always necessary to maintain organisms in active logarithmic growth.

Question 20

Which of the following is a reason why bioconversions are replacing chemical synthesis of certain compounds?

A) Bioconversions facilitate the scaling up of reactions.
B) Enzymes catalysts are not destroyed in the bioconversion process.
C) Bioconversions yield specific and biologically active stereoisomers.
D) Enzyme catalyzed reactions in the bioconversion process proceed much more rapidly.

Question 21

A major organism used in the biocontrol of a variety of types of insects is

A) Bacillus subtilis.
B) Bacillus thuringiensis.
C) Clostridium botulinum.
D) Bacillus cereus.

Question 22

The Ti plasmid has been genetically engineered to improve its utility as a cloning vector by all of the following except

A) elements found in other vectors, such as selectable markers and multicloning sites have been added.
B) genes responsible for resisting infection with
B) thuringiensis have been added.
C) nonessential regions, including tumor-inducing genes, have been deleted.
D) genes required for the actual infection of the plant cell by the plasmid are retained.

Question 23

Diatom shells, when incubated at 900 $\degree$ C in an atmosphere of silicon for several hours, undergo an atom-for-atom substitution of magnesium with silicon without loss of three-dimensional structure

Question 24

Phenylacetic acid is added to the penicillin fermentation to allow incorporation of which side chain group?

A) acetyl
B) benzyl
C) methyl
D) propyl

Question 25

An amino acid that is used as a supplement for breads is

A) leucine.
B) aspartate.
C) proline.
D) lysine.

Question 26

The _____________ lactose is often used as a substrate for penicillin production.

A) monosaccharide
B) disaccharide
C) trisaccharide
D) more complex molecule

Question 27

__________ are formed by certain bacteria that convert iron to magnetite; these structures are of interest to ______________ because they are despite the fact that they are perfectly formed despite the fact they are only tens of nanometers in diameter.

Question 28

Corynebacterium glutamicum is used to produce glutamic acid, and this is most successful when the cell permeability is

A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) not changed.
D) isotonic.

Question 29

A plasmid from the plant pathogenic bacterium ____________ ____________ is chiefly responsible for the successful genetic engineering of plants.