Deck 9: Gender Roles, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation

Question 1

Elwood goes to his therapist to get treatment for his severe depression. His therapist asks him to lie down on a couch in a slightly darkened room. The therapist then sits slightly behind him and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to mind. The therapist is most likely practicing ______.

A) person-centered therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) transactional analysis

Answer 1

psychoanalysis

Question 2

Freud believed that ______ were the "royal road to the unconscious."

A) thoughts
B) handwriting styles
C) dreams
D) the eyes

Answer 2

dreams

Question 3

Psychodynamic therapies are based on the thinking of _____.

A) Fritz Perls
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Carl Rogers
D) B. F. Skinner

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

In psychoanalysis, the tendency to block free expression of impulses and primitive ideas is called ______.

A) catharsis
B) transference
C) abreaction
D) resistance

Question 5

The central method of psychoanalysis, which was devised to break down the walls of defense that block insight into unconscious processes, is called ______.

A) catharsis
B) free association
C) transference
D) self-actualization

Question 6

The focus of traditional psychoanalysis is effectively summed up by the phrase, "Where ______ was, there shall ______ be."

A) ego, id
B) superego, ego
C) id, ego
D) ego, superego

Question 7

Psychotherapy is ______ interaction between a client and a therapist.

A) a spontaneous
B) an informal
C) a systematic
D) an impersonal

Question 8

According to ______ therapies, psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal, often unconscious conflicts.

A) humanistic
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

Question 9

The goal of psychoanalysis is to provide clients with ______.

A) insight
B) unconditional positive regard
C) rational, positive self-talk
D) self-control methods

Question 10

Each of the following is one of the essential elements of psychotherapy presented in your text EXCEPT ______.

A) intuitive interaction
B) psychological principles
C) thoughts, feelings, and behavior
D) psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of clients commonly seen by psychologists, according to your text?

A) people who are sent to therapy as an alternative to going to jail
B) people who have been diagnosed with psychological disorders
C) people who seek help in adjusting to problems
D) people who wish to develop as individuals

Question 12

While in therapy, Cara often talks to her therapist and reacts to his comments in a way that is similar to the way she talks and reacts to her own father. This is an example of what Freud called ______.

A) catharsis
B) transference
C) sublimation
D) abreaction

Question 13

Responding to one person (such as a spouse or the psychoanalyst) in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person (such as a parent) in childhood is called ______.

A) catharsis
B) transference
C) sublimation
D) abreaction

Question 14

Elwood goes to his therapist to get treatment for his severe depression. His therapist has him lie on a couch in a slightly darkened room and talk about anything that comes to mind. This process of discussing whatever comes to mind is called ______.

A) transference
B) free association
C) interpretation
D) an abreaction

Question 15

Traditional psychoanalysis typically takes ______ to complete a full course of treatment.

A) days
B) weeks
C) months
D) years

Question 16

A client, when asked to discuss a threatening issue, claims that she can't remember or that her mind has gone blank. The client's reaction was labeled ______ by Freud.

A) catharsis
B) transference
C) abreaction
D) resistance

Question 17

In classic psychoanalysis, working through transference issues and gaining insight typically takes ______.

A) just a few sessions
B) several weeks
C) months
D) years

Question 18

Psychoanalysis is the clinical method of therapy developed by ______.

A) Alfred Adler
B) Karen Horney
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Carl Jung

Question 19

The systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in order to help that client is called ______.

A) catharsis
B) encounter
C) abreaction
D) psychotherapy

Question 20

An explanation of a client's utterance, according to psychoanalytic theory, is called ______.

A) catharsis
B) libido
C) interpretation
D) transference

Question 21

According to Freud, in a dream, spears or rifles might serve as ______.

A) totems
B) idealizations of secret fears
C) nothing more than spears or rifles
D) phallic symbols

Question 22

Newer methods of psychoanalysis differ from Freud's approach in that they focus more on the _____ and less on the ______.

A) id, superego
B) ego, superego
C) superego, id
D) ego, id

Question 23

Humanistic-existential therapists focus on ______ experience.

A) objective, unconscious
B) subjective, unconscious
C) objective, conscious
D) subjective, conscious

Question 24

Psychodynamically oriented therapists who focus on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id are called ______.

A) client-centered therapists
B) self-therapists
C) ego analysts
D) reactionaries

Question 25

Humanistic-existential therapies focus on ______.

A) internal conflicts and unconscious processes
B) the quality of clients' subjective, conscious, experience
C) biological roots to psychological problems
D) the role of environmental factors in shaping human behavior

Question 26

Humanistic-existential therapies focus on ______.

A) learning and conditioning
B) the here and now
C) early childhood experiences
D) genetic influences on personality

Question 27

A man dreams that he is flying. According to Freud, flying is the ______ content of the dream.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 28

In Freudian theory, the consciously perceived content of a dream is its ______ content.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 29

Newer methods of psychoanalysis differ from Freud's approach in that they are ______ and the therapists are usually ______ directive.

A) shorter, less
B) longer, less
C) shorter, more
D) longer, more

Question 30

A man dreams that he is flying. According to Freud, flying represents erection and sexual potency. In this case, sexual potency is the ______ content of the dream.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 31

Many of Freud's followers from the second generation of psychoanalysts believe that Freud placed too much emphasis on ______.

A) the ego and superego
B) sexual and aggressive impulses
C) free will
D) cognitive processes

Question 32

Freud believed that dreams were made up of unconscious urges that were expressed as a form of ______.

A) free association
B) catharsis
C) transference
D) wish fulfillment

Question 33

According to Freud, the true meaning of a dream is revealed in its ______ content.

A) latent
B) manifest
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 34

Because of the focus of modern psychoanalysis, many modern psychoanalysts are called ______.

A) ego analysts
B) dream analysts
C) humanists
D) Gestalt therapists

Question 35

According to Freud, signs, or objects, that represent the penis are known as ______ symbols.

A) cathartic
B) phallic
C) manifest
D) latency

Question 36

In Freudian theory, the hidden or symbolic content of a dream is its ______ content.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 37

Psychodynamic theories focus on ______ conflicts and ______ processes.

A) internal, unconscious
B) external, unconscious
C) internal, conscious
D) external, conscious

Question 38

Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on ______.

A) learning and conditioning
B) the here and now
C) early childhood experiences
D) genetic influences on personality

Question 39

Newer forms of psychoanalysis differ from Freud's approach in that they are ______ and ______ intense.

A) briefer, less
B) longer, less
C) briefer, more
D) longer, more

Question 40

Many of Freud's followers from the second generation of psychoanalysts believe that Freud placed too little emphasis on ______.

A) sexual impulses
B) aggressive impulses
C) unconscious conflicts
D) the ego

Question 41

Client-centered therapy is ______, and Gestalt therapy is ______.

A) nondirective, nondirective
B) directive, nondirective
C) nondirective, directive
D) directive, directive

Question 42

Both client-centered therapy and Gestalt theory ______.

A) are nondirective
B) assume that people disown parts of themselves that meet with social disapproval or rejection
C) say that psychological problems are caused by unresolved unconscious conflicts from early childhood
D) focus on the ways in which irrational beliefs and faulty thinking cause distress

Question 43

Client-centered therapy is ______.

A) behaviorally focused
B) nondirective
C) therapist directed
D) reward focused

Question 44

In client-centered therapy, ______ is shown by accurately reflecting clients' experiences and feelings.

A) empathic understanding
B) genuineness
C) a condition of worth
D) congruence

Question 45

Gestalt therapy was originated by ______.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Fritz Perls
C) Eric Berne
D) Erik Erikson

Question 46

Each of the following is essential to client-centered therapy EXCEPT ______.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) empathic understanding
C) free association
D) genuineness

Question 47

A form of therapy that emphasizes the creation of a warm therapeutic atmosphere that free clients to engage in self-exploration and self-expression is ______.

A) psychoanalysis
B) Gestalt therapy
C) client-centered therapy
D) rational-emotive behavior therapy

Question 48

Elwood goes to his therapist to get treatment for his severe depression. His therapist is directive, focusing on the here and now in an effort to heighten Elwood's awareness of current feelings and behaviors. Elwood's therapist is practicing ______.

A) person-centered therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) Gestalt therapy
D) transactional analysis

Question 49

Elwood goes to his therapist to get treatment for his severe depression. His therapist is non-directive, letting Elwood take the lead in the sessions. The therapist is open about her own feelings and accurately reflects Elwood's feelings and experiences. The therapist also makes Elwood feel respected and unique. This therapist's behaviors are most heavily emphasized in ______.

A) client-centered therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) transactional analysis
D) cognitive restructuring

Question 50

Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding are essential to ______.

A) psychoanalysis
B) transactional analysis
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) client-centered therapy

Question 51

Carl Rogers believed we all have an inborn tendency to realize our unique potential, called ______.

A) the creative self
B) self-actualization
C) self-fulfillment
D) self-enhancement

Question 52

Client-centered therapy was originated by ______.

A) Fritz Perls
B) Albert Ellis
C) Eric Berne
D) Carl Rogers

Question 53

Gestalt therapy focuses on ______.

A) uncovering memories of early childhood trauma
B) how reinforcement and punishment schedules shape behavior
C) biological influences on behavior
D) the here and now

Question 54

Client-centered therapy aims to provide ______.

A) insight
B) corrective conditioning
C) rational, positive self-talk
D) self-control methods

Question 55

Nonjudgmental acceptance of the value of another person, regardless of the person's behavior at the particular point in time is called ______.

A) catharsis
B) empathic understanding
C) genuineness
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 56

The modern philosophical movement that emphasized that we are free to make our own choices and imbue our lives with a sense of meaning and purpose is ______.

A) existentialism
B) determinism
C) ego-centrism
D) reductionism

Question 57

The form of therapy that encourages individuals to rely on their own values and frames of reference is ______.

A) psychoanalysis
B) Gestalt therapy
C) client-centered therapy
D) rational-emotive behavior therapy

Question 58

A form of therapy that attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves is ______.

A) psychoanalysis
B) Gestalt therapy
C) client-centered therapy
D) rational-emotive behavior therapy

Question 59

In client-centered therapy, ______ is shown by openness and honesty in responding to the client.

A) empathic understanding
B) genuineness
C) unconditional positive regard
D) congruence

Question 60

Dialogue, paying particular attention to facial expressions, and expressing ideas opposed to your own are crucial to ______.

A) transactional analysis
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) person-centered therapy
D) Gestalt therapy

Question 61

Elwood goes to his therapist for treatment of his fear of riding on elevators. His therapist first has him stand outside the elevator, then stand in the elevator with the door open, then with the door closed, then take the elevator down one floor, and so on. This technique is known as ______.

A) flooding
B) aversive conditioning
C) systematic desensitization
D) gradual exposure

Question 62

Elwood goes to his therapist for treatment of his extreme fear of heights. The therapist takes him to the rooftop of a 40-story office building and has him stand there until his fear dissipates. This technique is known as ______.

A) flooding
B) aversive conditioning
C) systematic desensitization
D) gradual exposure

Question 63

Flooding is based on ______.

A) reinforcement
B) cognitive restructuring
C) extinction
D) insight

Question 64

Behavior modification is a form of therapy that applies principles of ______ to help people make desired behavioral changes.

A) genetics
B) evolution
C) learning
D) interactionism

Question 65

Behavior therapists are similar to humanistic-existential therapists in that they both tend to ______.

A) focus on the present
B) focus on the role of conditioning in shaping behavior
C) emphasize the importance of re-integrating disowned parts of the self
D) be nondirective

Question 66

A therapeutic technique in which a client is first presented with minimally fearful stimuli and then slowly works up a hierarchy of progressively more fearful stimuli is known as ______.

A) flooding
B) aversive conditioning
C) response cost training
D) gradual exposure

Question 67

Systematic desensitization relies primarily on the use of ______.

A) counterconditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) aversive conditioning
D) cognitive restructuring

Question 68

The technique of gradual exposure is most similar to ______.

A) flooding
B) aversive conditioning
C) modeling
D) pole shifting

Question 69

______ therapists draw on the principles of classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning.

A) Psychodynamic
B) Humanistic
C) Gestalt
D) Behavioral

Question 70

Humanistic-existential therapists tend to focus on ______.

A) genetically inherited traits
B) what people think and feel
C) environmental factors shaping personality
D) what people do

Question 71

Elwood goes to his therapist to get treatment for a phobia. His therapist uses a method for reducing phobic responses that associates images of fear-inducing objects or situations with deep muscle relaxation. This technique is called ______.

A) operant conditioning
B) aversive conditioning
C) systematic desensitization
D) self-control

Question 72

Clients would be most likely to be instructed to pay attention to their facial expressions and body language when they discuss certain concerns as an integral part of ______.

A) client-centered therapy
B) behavioral therapy
C) traditional psychoanalysis
D) Gestalt therapy

Question 73

The Gestalt technique in which clients undertake verbal confrontations between opposing parts of their personalities is called ______.

A) polarization
B) dialogue
C) synthesis
D) fusion

Question 74

Behavior therapists tend to focus on ______.

A) genetically inherited traits
B) what people think
C) what people feel
D) what people do

Question 75

The systematic application of principles of learning to promote desired behavioral changes is called ______.

A) cognitive therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) existential therapy
D) behavior therapy

Question 76

Psychodynamic therapists tend to focus on ______.

A) genetically inherited traits
B) what people think and feel
C) environmental factors shaping personality
D) what people do

Question 77

______ saw dreams as disowned parts of the personality.

A) Freud
B) Rogers
C) Perls
D) Jung

Question 78

In ______, a person is continuously, or repeatedly, exposed to a fear-evoking, but harmless stimulus until his or her fear of the stimulus is extinguished.

A) flooding
B) gradual exposure
C) aversive conditioning
D) systematic desensitization

Question 79

Each of the following is a Gestalt exercise EXCEPT ______.

A) pole-shifting
B) I take responsibility
C) the dialogue
D) the empty chair

Question 80

Techniques such as systematic desensitization, flooding, and modeling are essential to ______ therapy.

A) client-centered
B) Gestalt
C) cognitive
D) behavior