Deck 15: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

A particularly vocal critic of the medical model cited in the textbook is

A) Thomas Szasz.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Eugen Bleuler.
D) John Simon.

Answer 1

Thomas Szasz.

Question 2

Kenny believes that his dog often tells him important messages from God about how to prepare his food. The dog's orders are not a problem for Kenny to carry out and Kenny does not seem to mind the extra trouble. Under which criteria could Kenny's behaviors be considered a disorder?

A) deviance
B) maladaptive behavior
C) personal distress
D) bizarre behavior

Answer 2

deviance

Question 3

According to the medical model it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as

A) a disease.
B) treatable only by physicians.
C) resulting from deficiencies in brain chemicals.
D) all of these.

Answer 3

a disease.

Question 4

Although Cari always feels high levels of dread, worry, and anxiety, she still manages to meet her daily responsibilities. Which of the following conclusions regarding Cari's behavior is appropriate?

A) It should not be considered abnormal, because her adaptive functioning is not impaired.
B) It should not be considered abnormal, because everyone experiences worry and anxiety on occasion.
C) It can be considered abnormal, because she obviously feels great personal distress.
D) It can be considered abnormal, because the behavior meets the three criteria of the medical model.

Question 5

A prognosis

A) is a plan for treating an illness.
B) involves distinguishing one illness from another.
C) is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.
D) refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

Question 6

Susan, a person suffering from mood swings, goes to see a psychologist. The psychologist tells Susan his first step will be to diagnosis her disorder; after that, he will provide her with a prognosis. Most likely this psychologist subscribes to the ____ model of abnormal behavior.

A) physiological
B) medical
C) psychosocial
D) bio-neurological

Question 7

____ is the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

A) Diagnosis
B) Etiology
C) Prognosis
D) None of these

Question 8

Which of these models of abnormal behavior became the dominant way of thinking during the 19^th and 20^th century?

A) physiological
B) bio-neurological
C) psychosocial
D) medical

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding the definition of abnormal behavior is not accurate?

A) Everyone acts in deviant ways once in a while.
B) It is often difficult to draw a line that clearly separates normality from abnormality.
C) People are judged to have psychological disorders only when their behavior becomes extremely deviant, maladaptive, or distressing.
D) For the most part, people with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways that are very different from the behavior of normal people.

Question 10

Which of these statements is true?

A) It is usually not easy to divide people into distinct normal vs. abnormal groups.
B) People with psychological disorders usually behave in bizarre ways.
C) An abnormal behavior in one culture is always an abnormal behavior in other cultures.
D) The criteria for normal and abnormal behavior is value-free.

Question 11

Part of ____ is distinguishing one illness from another.

A) diagnosis
B) etiology
C) prognosis
D) none of these

Question 12

____ is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.

A) Diagnosis
B) Etiology
C) Prognosis
D) None of these

Question 13

The judgment of the normality of an individual's behavior can be based on whether

A) he or she experiences personal distress.
B) the behavior deviates from accepted social norms.
C) his or her everyday adaptive functioning is impaired.
D) any of these.

Question 14

Which of these is not a criterion for abnormal behavior?

A) deviance
B) maladaptive behavior
C) personal distress
D) bizarre behavior

Question 15

Michael gambles nearly every day, completely neglecting his family and his job. His behavior best satisfies which of the following criteria of abnormality?

A) deviance
B) personal distress
C) physical discomfort
D) maladaptive behavior

Question 16

Dr. Richards explained to his client that obsessive-compulsive disorder appears to be heavily influenced by biological causes. Dr. Richards is explaining the ____ of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A) diagnosis
B) etiology
C) prognosis
D) none of these

Question 17

The ____ model proposes it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.

A) physiological
B) medical
C) psychosocial
D) bio-neurological

Question 18

____ is a psychological disorder in which a man achieves sexual arousal by dressing in women's clothing.

A) Bisexuality
B) Transvestic fetishism
C) Homosexuality
D) Bulimia nervosa

Question 19

Transvestic fetishism is considered to be a psychological disorder primarily because it

A) is maladaptive.
B) is socially deviant.
C) is a medical problem.
D) causes great personal distress.

Question 20

In what year was the first version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published?

A) 1879
B) 1932
C) 1952
D) 1974

Question 21

According to the DSM-IV, mood disorders would be classified on the axis that includes

A) clinical syndromes.
B) personality disorders.
C) general medical conditions.
D) psychosocial and environmental problems.

Question 22

Vinnie often takes several minutes to leave his house. Every morning he finds he cannot quit worrying if he locked the door until he checks the lock 7 times, each time taking exactly seven steps from his car to the front door. Vinnie probably has

A) phobic disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) stress disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 23

Recent studies have found psychological disorders in roughly ____% of the population.

A) 5 to 15
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 35 to 45

Question 24

Jerry is terrified of snakes, even though he lives in midtown Manhattan and only sees snakes at pet shops and zoos. He is probably suffering from

A) panic disorder.
B) phobic disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 25

Epidemiology is the study of

A) treatments for psychological disorders.
B) how cultural values affect judgments of abnormality.
C) epidemics involving specific mental or physical disorders.
D) the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.

Question 26

Estimates of lifetime prevalence suggest that psychological disorders are

A) very rare.
B) more common than most people realize.
C) particularly common in non-Western cultures.
D) more common in higher socioeconomic classes.

Question 27

The main difference between a phobic disorder and a generalized anxiety disorder is that

A) the phobic disorder is more severe and more difficult to treat.
B) anxiety has a specific focus in a phobic disorder, but is "free-floating" in a generalized anxiety disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorders depend on past conditioning, whereas phobic disorders tend to be genetic.
D) the generalized anxiety disorder occurs primarily in men and the phobic disorder occurs primarily in women.

Question 28

The anxiety disorder brought on by specific stimuli is

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) phobic disorder.
D) stress disorder.

Question 29

Which of the following categories of psychological disorders includes phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders?

A) mood disorders
B) anxiety disorders
C) dissociative disorders
D) somatoform disorders

Question 30

The class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety is

A) anxiety disorders.
B) somatoform disorders.
C) affective disorders.
D) phobic disorders.

Question 31

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat?

A) panic disorder
B) phobic disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 32

Compulsion is to "action" as obsession is to

A) fear.
B) thought.
C) emotion.
D) behavior.

Question 33

The DSM-IV uses ____ axes in its classification scheme.

A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six

Question 34

The American Psychiatric Association publishes a book with a classification scheme of mental disorder called

A) Mental and Behavioral Disorders Checklist.
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
C) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
D) Personality and Abnormal Behavior Manual.

Question 35

The DSM classification system is said to be "multiaxial". This means that the system

A) permits multiple diagnoses of a single individual.
B) allows many different potential methods of diagnosing people.
C) asks for judgments about individuals on a number of distinct dimensions.
D) recognizes that people can be considered both normal and abnormal at the same time.

Question 36

Lila seems to "like to worry." She will usually find a reason to worry about something - her schoolwork, her boss, her parents, and whether the bus will come on time. Lila may be suffering from

A) panic.
B) phobic.
C) generalized anxiety.
D) obsessive-compulsive.

Question 37

Every time Betty washes her hands she rubs them together 17 times, rinses for 32 seconds, and dries with 3.5 paper towels. Betty's behaviors are

A) compulsions.
B) Delusions.
C) obsessions.
D) delusions.

Question 38

The current classification system for psychological disorders (DSM-IV)

A) avoids giving people potentially stigmatizing diagnostic labels.
B) contains fewer disorders than previous systems, making it easier to use.
C) recognizes the importance of information other than a traditional diagnostic label.
D) provides specific criteria that allow therapists to classify individuals simply as normal or abnormal.

Question 39

Jenny can't quit wondering if she unplugged her iron this morning. Jenny is experiencing

A) a compulsion.
B) panic ideation.
C) an obsession.
D) a delusion.

Question 40

In the DSM-IV axes ____ and ____ are used to diagnose disorders.

A) I; II
B) II; III
C) IV; VI
D) I; V

Question 41

The genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders can be characterized as

A) weak to moderate.
B) moderate to strong.
C) strong to very strong.
D) non-existent.

Question 42

Preparedness is the idea that people are biologically prepared by their ____ to acquire some fears of specific objects much more easily than fear of other objects.

A) evolutionary history
B) learning history
C) ego comparison history
D) experience

Question 43

The famous industrialist Howard Hughes devised extraordinary rituals to minimize the possibility of being contaminated by germs. For example, he would sometimes spend hours methodically cleaning a telephone. Hughes's behavior exemplifies which of the following disorders?

A) agoraphobia
B) panic disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 44

A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is being

A) phobic.
B) amnesic.
C) obsessive.
D) compulsive.

Question 45

People who lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, and experience disruptions in their sense of identity, would most likely be considered as having which of the following types of disorders?

A) schizophrenia
B) anxiety disorders
C) dissociative disorders
D) somatoform disorders

Question 46

People are more likely to develop phobic responses to snakes and spiders than to hot irons or electrical outlets. This finding is most consistent with which of the following concepts?

A) neuroticism
B) preparedness
C) classical conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 47

Which of the following reinforcements is most likely to play a role in the development and maintenance of somatoform disorders?

A) praise
B) attention
C) monetary rewards
D) promotions at work

Question 48

Which of the following groups of disorders includes hypochondriasis and conversion disorders?

A) schizophrenia
B) mood disorders
C) dissociative disorders
D) somatoform disorders

Question 49

According to cognitive theorists, some people are prone to suffer from problems with anxiety because they tend to

A) focus excessive attention on perceived threats.
B) misinterpret harmless situations as threatening.
C) selectively recall information that seems threatening.
D) all of these.

Question 50

Which of the following personality types is most closely associated with the tendency to develop somatoform disorders?

A) avoidant
B) histrionic
C) dependent
D) narcissistic

Question 51

Disorders in which people lose contact with their sense of identity are

A) dissociative disorders.
B) schizophrenic disorders.
C) mood disorders.
D) precipitating disorders.

Question 52

Research suggests that ____ temperament in infants is a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders later in life.

A) a difficult
B) an inhibited
C) a sensitive
D) a slow-to-warm-up

Question 53

Tanya thinks constantly about dirt and germs. She washes her hands hundreds of times a day. Tanya is most likely suffering from which of the following disorders?

A) phobic disorder
B) hypochondriasis
C) somatization disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 54

The fear of snakes and spiders is very common in people. Seligman (1971) would probably explain this with the idea of

A) experience.
B) learning history.
C) ego comparison history.
D) preparedness.

Question 55

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between stress and anxiety disorders?

A) High stress may help precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders.
B) People with anxiety disorders tend to be unaffected by stress.
C) The relationship between stress and anxiety disorders is largely a myth.
D) Stress appears to exert its influence on the severity, rather than the onset, of anxiety disorders.

Question 56

____ are chemicals that carry signals from one neuron to another.

A) Neurochemicals
B) Poly-transmitters
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Psychoactive drugs

Question 57

Someone whose behavior is dominated by excessive worry about developing physical illnesses and an excessive preoccupation with health concerns probably has

A) paranoia.
B) hypochondriasis.
C) a substance abuse disorder.
D) an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 58

Phobic responses tend to be acquired through ____ and maintained through ____.

A) classical conditioning; operant conditioning
B) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
C) classical conditioning; observational learning
D) operant conditioning; observational learning

Question 59

An unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual's consciousness is called a(n)

A) delusion.
B) obsession.
C) compulsion.
D) hallucination.

Question 60

Recent research has related disturbances in the neurotransmitter ____ to anxiety disorders.

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) dopamine

Question 61

In ____ disorders, people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

A) manic
B) phobic
C) depressive
D) conversion

Question 62

Which of the following disorders features the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, identities or personalities?

A) schizophrenia
B) dissociative amnesia
C) dissociative fugue
D) dissociative identity disorder

Question 63

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorders is accurate?

A) Bipolar disorders are seen more frequently in women than in men.
B) Bipolar disorders are much more common than unipolar depression.
C) Research indicates that bipolar disorders affect about 20% of the population.
D) The peak of vulnerability for bipolar disorders is between the ages of 20 and 29.

Question 64

People with unipolar disorders experience ____; people with bipolar disorders experience ____.

A) alternating periods of depression and mania; mania only
B) depression only; alternating periods of depression and mania
C) mania only; alternating periods of depression and mania
D) alternating periods of depression and mania; depression and mania simultaneously

Question 65

Richard is a clerk who works at a music store. He believes that the CIA is regularly breaking into his apartment to plant listening devices into his telephone, stereo, and PC. Richard is exhibiting

A) delusions.
B) repression.
C) hallucinations.
D) displacement.

Question 66

Which of the following is considered a mood disorder?

A) schizophrenia
B) phobic disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) all of these

Question 67

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of depressive disorders is not accurate?

A) Evidence suggests that the prevalence of depression is increasing.
B) The prevalence of depression is about twice as high in men as it is in women.
C) Evidence indicates that the lifetime prevalence of depression may be as high as 16%.
D) People born since World War II appear to have an elevated risk for depression.

Question 68

Research suggests that heredity can create

A) a predisposition to mood disorders.
B) the hormonal imbalance associated with depression.
C) a genetic "map" that determines the onset of mood disorders.
D) a cognitive mindset that fosters the development of bipolar disorder.

Question 69

Delusions of grandeur and persecution are features that characterize the ____ subtype of schizophrenia.

A) catatonic
B) paranoid
C) disorganized
D) undifferentiated

Question 70

The two basic types of mood disorders are

A) major and minor.
B) somatoform and cognitive.
C) unipolar and bipolar.
D) disruptive and non-disruptive.

Question 71

Which of the following is an old name for one dissociative disorder?

A) schizophrenia
B) bipolar disorder
C) insanity
D) multiple-personality disorder

Question 72

The evidence available today suggests that there is ____ between stress and the onset of mood disorders.

A) no relationship
B) a moderately strong link
C) a curvilinear relationship
D) a weak negative correlation

Question 73

Kim is a successful lawyer who suddenly forgot who she is and most of the important details of her life after she survived a terrible car accident that killed three of her colleagues. Kim may be suffering from

A) bipolar disorder.
B) conversion disorder.
C) dissociative amnesia.
D) multiple-personality disorder.

Question 74

Ernest is deeply sad. He does not eat much, doesn't seem to want to take care of himself, and believes his life's work is useless. You think this is strange because several weeks ago Ernest was very excited about his life. He talked and talked about his new book and even seemed to stay up an entire week writing. Ernest probably has

A) major depression.
B) schizophrenia.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 75

Depressed people who ____ tend to remain depressed longer than those who don't.

A) try to distract themselves
B) engage in passive attribution
C) ruminate about their depression
D) discuss their depression with family members

Question 76

Some clinicians maintain that most cases of multiple-personality disorder are rooted in

A) early reinforcement for avoiding reality.
B) a genetic predisposition for engaging in fantasy.
C) a deficiency in certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
D) severe emotional trauma that occurred during childhood.

Question 77

Sarah hears voices that tell her to shoot Dr. Laura. She is experiencing

A) delusions.
B) compulsions.
C) a phobic reaction.
D) hallucinations.

Question 78

Which of the following statements regarding neurochemical factors in the development of mood disorders is accurate?

A) Correlations have been found between mood disorders and levels of several neurotransmitters in the brain.
B) Most of the drugs that are effective in the treatment of mood disorders are known to affect the availability of specific neurotransmitters.
C) Alterations in neurotransmitter activity probably depend on our reactions to environmental events.
D) All of these statements are accurate.

Question 79

Which of the following groups of disorders includes psychogenic amnesia and multiple personality disorder?

A) paranoid disorders
B) dissociative disorders
C) somatoform disorders
D) schizophrenic disorders

Question 80

Which of the following groups of psychological disorders is characterized by irrational thinking, poor reality contact, disturbed emotion, and hallucinations?

A) mood disorders
B) anxiety disorders
C) somatoform disorders
D) schizophrenic disorders