Deck 12: Careers and Work

Question 1

After you have read the available literature about an occupation, it's a good idea to talk to

A) an occupational therapist.
B) an employment counselor.
C) individuals working in that area.
D) your high school guidance counselor.

Answer 1

individuals working in that area.

Question 2

Paula's parents taught her the importance of always being to work on time and showing deference to a supervisor's wishes. Most likely, Paula's parents

A) are a higher status family.
B) are a lower status family.
C) have college degrees.
D) are none of these.

Answer 2

are a lower status family.

Question 3

When considering the results of an occupational interest inventory, it is important to remember that

A) there is a lingering gender bias in most of them.
B) you shouldn't let the test make career decisions for you.
C) you may score high on some occupations you're sure you would dislike.
D) all of these.

Answer 3

all of these.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about vocational choice is not accurate?

A) There are limits to your options.
B) There is one best job for you somewhere.
C) Career choice is a developmental process.
D) Some career choices are not easily undone.

Question 5

Good sources of information about job characteristics include

A) the Occupational Outlook Handbook.
B) literature from professional organizations.
C) current members of an occupation.
D) all of these.

Question 6

John Holland's model of career choice is generally considered a(n) ____ approach.

A) trait
B) developmental
C) problem-based
D) aptitude-based

Question 7

____ is the study of human behavior in the workplace.

A) Workforce psychology
B) Industrial/organizational psychology
C) Career-work environment psychology
D) Business psychology

Question 8

Which is an increasingly important specific job skill?

A) intelligence
B) math aptitude
C) identity
D) social skills

Question 9

Which of the following statements about vocational choice is not accurate?

A) There are no limits on your career options.
B) Some career decisions are not easily undone.
C) You have the potential for success in a variety of jobs.
D) Vocational development will continue throughout your lifetime.

Question 10

According to recent research cited in the text, ____ has more influence on careers than ____.

A) gender; ethnicity
B) ethnicity; gender
C) socioeconomic status; ethnicity
D) ethnicity; socioeconomic status

Question 11

If you wanted to develop a new occupational interest inventory, which of the following would be the best way to begin?

A) Find out what specific skills are needed to be successful in various jobs.
B) Ask job seekers what appeals to them about the jobs they're considering.
C) Examine the interests of people who enjoy their work in various occupations.
D) Survey people about the aspects of their jobs that are most important to them.

Question 12

Critics of occupational interest inventories have claimed that

A) several major occupational areas have been ignored.
B) they have helped channel women into gender-typed careers.
C) age-related bias in the instruments has increased in recent years.
D) they are biased toward certain ethnic groups.

Question 13

The results of an occupational interest inventory are designed to

A) predict whether you would be successful in various jobs.
B) focus on recommendations for the career path you should follow.
C) indicate how similar your interests are to the typical interests of people in various jobs.
D) indicate whether your interests are consistent with job descriptions included in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.

Question 14

What you can derive from a job in terms of helping people, being creative, or shouldering responsibility is most closely associated with which of the following job characteristics?

A) potential status
B) working conditions
C) intrinsic job satisfaction
D) opportunities for advancement

Question 15

Which of the following is the most questionable piece of vocational advice someone could give?

A) Keep looking for that one job that fits you perfectly.
B) Be cautious about choosing a career solely on the basis of salary.
C) Recognize that your career options will be limited to some extent by factors beyond your control.
D) Be prepared to reevaluate your vocational decisions at various times throughout your working life.

Question 16

Jessica recently took an occupational interest inventory. Which of these was it not likely to be?

A) Strong Interest Survey
B) Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
C) Self-Directed Search
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Interest Inventory

Question 17

Which of the following instruments is designed to predict the career in which you might expect to find the most satisfaction?

A) the Self-Esteem Scale
B) the Strong Interest Inventory
C) the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
D) Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

Question 18

Which of the following is the single best predictor type of occupation entered?

A) years of education
B) parents' expectations
C) grade point average in high school
D) score on occupational interest inventory

Question 19

Which of these is the best predictor of the likelihood of entering a particular occupation?

A) intelligence
B) math aptitude
C) identity
D) social skills

Question 20

Experts project that

A) many people will have ten jobs over the course of their working lives.
B) most people will stick to one career that interests them.
C) most people never retire from their chosen career.
D) there will be a continued need for experts to make projections about labor trends.

Question 21

____ is the critical factor in Super's model of career choice.

A) Self-esteem
B) Self-concept
C) Developmental crisis
D) Level of aspiration

Question 22

Which of the following individuals would most likely be considered to have an artistic personal orientation according to Holland's model?

A) someone who writes children's books
B) someone who's writing an article on economics
C) someone who coordinates social activities for her company
D) someone who educates his company's employees about new software

Question 23

According to Holland's model, people who like to use their social skills to persuade others, and who perceive themselves as self-confident, sociable, and popular, would most likely be considered as having the ____ personal orientation.

A) social
B) artistic
C) enterprising
D) conventional

Question 24

David is in Super's maintenance stage of vocational development. His primary concern is likely to be

A) committing to an occupation.
B) retaining the job status he's achieved.
C) how to make enough money to support his family.
D) whether he should return to school to improve his skills so he can advance.

Question 25

According to Super's developmental model of career choice, the second stage in vocational development is

A) growth.
B) exploration.
C) maintenance.
D) establishment.

Question 26

According to Holland's theory of vocational choice,

A) we're unlikely to be satisfied with our first "real" job.
B) we seek a work environment that fits our personality.
C) career choice is determined primarily by our ability to adapt.
D) occupational development is a process that begins in childhood.

Question 27

People who worry mainly about retaining their achieved status rather than improving it are probably in which of Super's developmental stages?

A) decline
B) exploration
C) maintenance
D) establishment

Question 28

Martin sometimes fantasizes that he would like to be a policeman or a detective, though he has no idea what would be required of him to hold such a job. According to Super's model of career choice, what is Martin's probable stage of life?

A) growth
B) exploration
C) maintenance
D) establishment

Question 29

Approximately what percentage of women are in the labor force today?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 30

Super's decline stage involves

A) deceleration.
B) planning for retirement.
C) decreasing vocational activity.
D) all of these.

Question 31

A hospital would be an example of an environment that is preferred by ____ types.

A) social
B) realistic
C) enterprising
D) conventional

Question 32

Because of pressure from his parents and friends, Larry is thinking more about his future career, and he has several possibilities in mind that he thinks are realistic. According to Super's developmental model of career choice, which of the following stages is Larry probably in?

A) growth
B) exploration
C) maintenance
D) establishment

Question 33

Which of the following individuals proposed an influential developmental model of career choice?

A) Nancy Betz
B) Roger Gould
C) John Holland
D) Donald Super

Question 34

Jasmine recently took a test measuring the most researched and most supported vocational psychology model. Jasmine was measured on the

A) James-Lange Model.
B) Emotional Intelligence Test.
C) Self-directed Social Skills Model.
D) Holland's Model.

Question 35

Leaving the labor force, even if for increasingly brief periods of time, is called

A) overemployment.
B) labor force discontinuity.
C) token employment.
D) re-employment disclamation.

Question 36

Leah likes physical tasks that require lots of coordination, but not a lot of social skills. According to Holland's model of career choice, Leah would be considered ____ type.

A) a social
B) a realistic
C) an enterprising
D) a conventional

Question 37

According to Holland's hexagonal model of career choice, a philosophy professor would probably be considered ____ type.

A) an artistic
B) a realistic
C) an investigative
D) a conventional

Question 38

According to Super's developmental model of career choice, the second from last stage in vocational development is

A) growth.
B) exploration.
C) maintenance.
D) establishment.

Question 39

According to Super's developmental model of career choice, decisions about work and career reflect

A) societal and parental pressure to succeed.
B) people's educational attainment prior to entering the workforce.
C) people's attempts to express their self-concept and changing views of themselves.
D) aspirations to attain lifestyles consistent with their interests.

Question 40

Women's vocational development is different from men's primarily because

A) men tend to be better trained for gender-neutral jobs.
B) women are less likely to experience labor force discontinuity.
C) women often subordinate their career goals to those of their husbands.
D) women with children one year old or younger generally don't work outside the home.

Question 41

The relationship between years of education and income is

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) not significant.
D) shaped like an inverted U.

Question 42

Which is not a common job stressor?

A) perceived inequities
B) pressure of deadlines
C) lack of control over one's work
D) the monotony associated with regular hours

Question 43

Studies have demonstrated that attaching an affirmative action label to an employee results in

A) the employee being considered a "token".
B) the creation of a "glass ceiling" in the workplace.
C) negative feelings directed toward the employee.
D) feelings of jealousy among the employee's co-workers.

Question 44

According to Robert Karasek, the two factors that play a key role in determining occupational stress are

A) decision control and employee autonomy.
B) psychological demands and decision control.
C) employee autonomy and relationship with superior.
D) relationship with superior and psychological demands.

Question 45

Jason, a minority group member, feels that his co-workers see him as a ____ worker; consequently, he is likely to experience more ____ pressure than the typical white male.

A) minority; stress
B) token; performance
C) minority; performance
D) token; stress

Question 46

Women and minorities are frequently passed over for promotion in favor of white men. This practice seems to be particularly problematic in which of the following kinds of jobs?

A) traditionally blue-collar jobs
B) higher levels of management
C) positions in the area of human services
D) jobs in which a graduate degree is necessary

Question 47

According to Karasek, occupational stress is greatest when psychological demands are ____ and decision control is ____.

A) low; low
B) high; high
C) high; low
D) low; high

Question 48

Who is more likely to have a history of labor force discontinuity?

A) Betty, a low-status job female
B) Carmen, an academically gifted female
C) Bill, a low-status job male
D) Betty and Carmen are both more likely than Bill.

Question 49

The fact that jobs are sometimes typed simultaneously by gender and race illustrates which of the following concepts?

A) job segregation
B) job discrimination
C) stereotype harassment
D) occupation identification

Question 50

In 1970 approximately ____% of married women worked. While in 2005, approximately ____% of married women worked.

A) 40; 60
B) 60; 40
C) 60; 80
D) 80; 60

Question 51

In 2005, about ____ of married women worked.

A) 40%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 52

There appears to be a "glass ceiling" that

A) allows supervisors to evaluate the potential of their subordinates.
B) prevents white males from succeeding in traditionally female-oriented jobs.
C) prevents most women and ethnic minorities from advancing beyond middle management.
D) allows women and ethnic minorities to be trained for jobs in upper management.

Question 53

One potentially negative outcome of diversity training is that

A) more under-qualified minority workers are promoted into management positions.
B) more males are tracked into traditionally female-oriented jobs.
C) white males may feel blamed for all of the discrimination that befalls minority workers.
D) human resources personnel are attacked for discriminatory practices.

Question 54

One reason for the increase in temporary employment arrangements is that

A) more women are in the workforce.
B) corporations are downsizing and restructuring to remain competitive.
C) workers are more productive when they are hired on a temporary basis.
D) none of these.

Question 55

Between 1975 and 1999,

A) the number of working women with children under the age of three increased over 20%.
B) the number of workers reared below poverty level declined sharply.
C) 20% of working women left the full-time work force to raise children at home.
D) discrimination against women and minorities in the workplace had almost completely ended.

Question 56

What occupations are showing the greatest growth trend in the US?

A) mechanical jobs
B) service jobs
C) clerical jobs
D) manufacturing jobs

Question 57

Jimenez works a typical job in his country. He was recently sick and found out the company offered no sick days because it was not required by law to do so. Where does Jimenez live?

A) United Stated
B) Germany
C) England
D) Spain

Question 58

When there is only one woman or minority person in an office, that person becomes a symbol of all the members of that group. This scenario illustrates which of the following concepts?

A) tokenism
B) job segregation
C) sexual harassment
D) affirmative action employee

Question 59

The United States, like many other industrialized nations, is shifting towards

A) a shorter work-day but longer work week.
B) a manufacturing or goods-producing economy.
C) a bartering economy.
D) a service-based economy.

Question 60

Which of the following is not an important work-related trend?

A) Lifelong learning is a necessity.
B) More jobs will be in the service sector.
C) Temporary employment is decreasing.
D) Technology is changing the nature of work.

Question 61

____ occurs when a worker is subjected to unwanted sexually oriented behavior.

A) Sexism
B) Job segregation
C) Sexual orientation
D) Sexual harassment

Question 62

In one study, Karasek found more symptoms of heart disease among men whose jobs were ____ in psychological demands and ____ in decision control.

A) low; low
B) high; high
C) low; high
D) high; low

Question 63

Unemployment can cause which of the following psychological problems?

A) anxiety
B) depression
C) loss of self-esteem
D) all of these

Question 64

Unemployment causes the most psychological distress for

A) teenagers.
B) young male adults.
C) young female adults.
D) middle aged adults.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about workaholism is not true?

A) Psychologists are not in agreement about how harmful workaholism is.
B) It is one of the most well researched areas in I/O psychology.
C) There are enthusiastic and non-enthusiastic workaholics.
D) There are certain organizational climate features that promote workaholism.

Question 66

Jose has engaged the services of a registered nurse, an athletic trainer, and a nutritionist to develop a three-week program to raise employee awareness of the importance of self-care on and off the job. He is offering his employees a

A) relaxation-training program.
B) workplace wellness program.
C) diversity awareness program.
D) stress-management program.

Question 67

Jobs with ____ and ____ are considered the most stressful.

A) low psychological demands; high decision control
B) high psychological demands; high decision control
C) low psychological demands; low decision control
D) high psychological demands; low decision control

Question 68

Marti used to enjoy her job, but recently she has been performing poorly, feeling exhausted and cynical. Marti may have

A) anxiety.
B) burnout.
C) low decision control.
D) demand.

Question 69

A program designed to improve employees' coping skills would be considered an intervention at which of the following levels?

A) individual
B) organizational
C) home-organizational interface
D) individual-organizational interface

Question 70

Maria is uncomfortable in her job as a policewoman because her coworkers tell crude sexual jokes and hang centerfold pinups in the break room at the station. She is experiencing

A) quid pro quo hostility.
B) hostile environmental harassment.
C) job segregation.
D) employer-sponsored hostility.

Question 71

When submission to unwanted sexual advances is a condition of getting a promotion, which type of harassment is being perpetrated?

A) quid pro quo
B) environmental
C) job segregation
D) employer-sponsored

Question 72

Individuals who are unemployed because their jobs have disappeared are called ____ workers.

A) token
B) displaced
C) segregated
D) underemployed

Question 73

Organizations can help reduce sexual harassment by all of the following except

A) acknowledge the prevalence of sexual harassment
B) acknowledge the negative impact of sexual harassment
C) issues policies that imply sexual harassment is a problem
D) implement formal grievance procedures for sexual harassment complaints

Question 74

____ is the term for devotion of nearly all one's time and energy to a job.

A) Burning out
B) Overemployment
C) Workaholism
D) Ambition

Question 75

Which of these has not been shown to be an effect of high stress jobs?

A) anxiety
B) heart disease
C) depression
D) All of these have been related to occupational stress.

Question 76

In which of the following areas can job stress have negative effects?

A) industrial accidents
B) workers' physical health
C) poor job performance
D) all of these

Question 77

Symptoms associated with being sexually harassed include all but which of the following?

A) depression
B) heart disease
C) increased alcohol consumption
D) sexual maladjustment

Question 78

Billy works on an assembly line where there is constant pressure to increase his speed and productivity. Psychologists would say Billy's job contains lots of

A) physical demands.
B) mental load.
C) psychological demands.
D) automatic load.

Question 79

What is the leading cause of on-the-job homicides?

A) co-worker dispute
B) displaced workers
C) robbery
D) situational propensity

Question 80

____ is a psychological state characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and poor job performance.

A) Anxiety
B) Burnout
C) Low decision control
D) Demand