Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

Mick did not believe himself to be homophobic, but he broke out in hives when a homosexual individual sat next to him in class. What type of attitude is being described here?

A) Affective
B) Behavioral
C) Explicit
D) Implicit

Answer 1

Implicit

Question 2

Describe a situation that would likely result in direct transmission of attitudes.

Answer 2

Children may hear a lecture from parents or other authority figures that shapes how they conceptualize ideas and situations.

Question 3

Generalized impressions of groups of people based on the social category they occupy are known as __________.

Answer 3

stereotypes

Question 4

Define attitude strength.

Question 5

Hichem listened to the Presidential State of The Union address and heard that there is a need for healthcare reform in the United States. Which element was the source of persuasion?

A) Healthcare
B) Need for reform
C) President
D) Hichem

Question 6

In which situation is self-perception theory particularly relevant?

A) When we behave in ways that are slightly out of character
B) When we behave in ways that are strikingly out of character
C) When we behave in ways that are most familiar to us
D) When we behave in ways that are unfamiliar to us

Question 7

Implicit attitudes are not predictive of overt acts of racism.

Question 8

The more specific an attitude, the __________ likely it is to be accurately predicted.

Question 9

Define prejudice.

Question 10

Social cognition refers to how people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world.

Question 11

Habituation refers to the emotional discomfort we feel when we hold 2 contradictory beliefs.

Question 12

Miriam, a major in gender studies, was in an abusive relationship with Don. She experienced emotional discomfort because her beliefs about equal rights and respect in a relationship were contradicted every time she tolerated Don's abusive behavior. Which of the following best describes the discomfort Miriam experienced?

A) Attitude specificity
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Associative dissonance
D) All of the above

Question 13

Attitudes are not necessarily related to behaviors.

Question 14

Describe the bogus pipeline technique.

Question 15

Dan felt cheated by the used car salesperson who sold him a 1997 Honda Accord several years ago. Ever since then, he assumes the worst when it comes to dealing with salespeople. Which attitude component is this an example of?

A) Affective
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Acquisition

Question 16

Describe Bem's self-perception theory.

Question 17

The component of attitudes that describes how we feel about something is the __________ component.

Question 18

Who proposed the concept of cognitive dissonance?

Question 19

According to social identity theory, what 3 processes create prejudice?

Question 20

Beyond parental influence, describe 2 factors that may shape the development of attitudes as children mature?

Question 21

A relatively stable and enduring evaluation of things and people is

A) an attitude.
B) a social cognition.
C) a schema.
D) an opinion

Question 22

Festinger and Carlsmith attempted to determine

A) how far people would go in obeying an authority figure.
B) whether an inconsistency between attitude and behavior would cause people to change their attitudes.
C) whether we infer our attitudes by observing our own behavior.
D) whether we will change our attitudes and behaviors in response to real or perceived group pressure.

Question 23

In Richard LaPiere's field study where he traveled across the United States with a Chinese couple in the 1930s, he found that

A) most of the people who indicated that they did not want Chinese guests refused to serve them.
B) most establishments served them, but did so unwillingly and with poor service.
C) most establishments held positive attitudes towards Chinese guests and offered them good service.
D) even though most places of business did not want Chinese guests, only one refused service.

Question 24

Nick has been working hard all week. On Sunday morning, he wakes up and realizes that he has just slept 10 hours. He says to himself "wow, I guess I was more tired than I thought." Nick's sudden insight would be of greatest interest to

A) Asch
B) LaPiere
C) Festinger
D) Bem

Question 25

Mark asked his roommate Will to clean his side of the room as a favor. When Will refused to do so, Mark made a more moderate request by asking Will to feed his pet dog over the weekend. What persuasion technique was used in this example?

Question 26

Mark and Sarah want to encourage their children to do well in school and develop an internal sense of academic pride. Which of the following is MOST likely to produce that result?

A) Tell their children that they will get $10 for every "A" that they produce and $5 for every "B."
B) Allow them to watch TV after they have finished their homework.
C) Punish them for getting bad grades.
D) Give them a reasonable amount of praise when they bring home a good report card.

Question 27

In Festinger and Carlsmith's original experiment, which group of participants gave the task the most favorable ratings?

A) The $1 group.
B) The $20 group.
C) The $1 group and The $20 group equally.
D) The control group.

Question 28

The central route of persuasion emphasizes the content of the message by using logical arguments to persuade.

Question 29

Cognitive dissonance theory was proposed by

A) Bem
B) Milgram
C) Eagly and Chaiken
D) Festinger and Carlsmith

Question 30

In cognitive dissonance theory, the term "insufficient justification" refers to the idea that

A) the less appealing the reward for something, the less likely we are to do it.
B) we are more likely to blame ourselves for our bad behavior if we believe it was unjustified.
C) we are more likely to experience a state of unpleasantness when we do not have an external reason for an inconsistency between our attitudes and our behavior.
D) we are more likely to judge other people negatively if we believe that their behavior was unjustified.

Question 31

Ralph is a member of Greenpeace but accepts advertising money for his new store from a lumber company. Wanda is a busy graduate student who goes to bed because she starts yawning. Ralph is likely to experience _________ and Wanda is likely to experience _________.

A) cognitive dissonance; cognitive dissonance
B) cognitive dissonance; self perception
C) self perception; cognitive dissonance
D) self perception; self perception

Question 32

According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following people is most likely to change his attitude?

A) Joe, who is a political conservative but who argues in favor of liberal policies as part of a class assignment.
B) Sam, who is paid $100 to tell people how interesting a particular experiment is.
C) Ben, who makes his living telling people why satellite is better than cable.
D) Frank, who actually opposes unions, but makes up a pro-union argument just to annoy his parents.

Question 33

Describe an example of the foot-in-the-door persuasion technique.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of an attitude?

A) behavioral
B) dispositional
C) affective
D) cognitive

Question 35

Which of the following people's actions are most consistent with self-perception theory?

A) Marcie suddenly realizes that she is humming a tune and concludes that she is happy.
B) George sees his classmates get rewarded for good grades and decides to study harder
C) Rachael feels uncomfortable when she catches herself behaving hypocritically and changes her behavior.
D) Michael realized that his behavior as a telephone solicitor is inconsistent with his dislike of calling strangers, but justifies it because he has to pay his rent.

Question 36

Asher noted that one candidate was more attractive than another which illustrates his use of superficial information via the __________ route of persuasion.

Question 37

Which of the following cases is the best example of self-perception theory?

A) Minnie realizes that she really likes her job after she stays late to finish a project.
B) Henry works overtime to make extra money to take a vacation.
C) Carol is retired with a good pension, but takes a part-time job to keep busy.
D) Earl starts working harder because he realizes that he has been slacking off.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about the relationship between attitudes and behaviors is FALSE?

A) One of the leading factors in determining whether the attitude will predict the behavior is attitude specificity.
B) Stronger attitudes are better predictors of behavior than are weak attitudes.
C) General attitudes do a good job of predicting behavior.
D) If we know someone's attitude, we cannot necessarily predict how they will behave.

Question 39

Which of the following people is most likely to change her attitude?

A) Barb, who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting task.
B) Sarah, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting task.
C) Mary who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task.
D) Jennie, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task.

Question 40

Cognitive dissonance theory states that

A) when we are unaware of what our true attitudes are, we infer them by observing our own behavior.
B) when an inconsistency between attitude and behavior exists, it is unpleasant and we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it.
C) we are more likely to repeat a behavior if it has been previously associated with a positive outcome.
D) we are more likely to respond to another person's request when that person is an authority figure than when they are not.

Question 41

Dispositional or __________ attributions focus on people's traits to explain their behavior.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true about racial attitudes in the United States today?

A) Only the most extreme members of society still hold negative racial attitudes.
B) Prejudice is still strong, as revealed through the bogus pipeline technique.
C) Discrimination is lower, but prejudice remains largely unchanged.
D) Discrimination is lower, but subtle degrees of prejudice remain.

Question 43

Provide an example of a fundamental attribution error.

Question 44

Which of the following products is MOST likely to use the peripheral route of persuasion?

A) computers
B) houses
C) soda
D) cars

Question 45

What type of attributions do people tend to rely on when describing the behavior of others?

Question 46

Which of the following products is MOST likely to be marketed using the central route of persuasion?

A) ice cream
B) cars
C) paper towels
D) clothing

Question 47

George is a white male who believes that he is having difficulty finding a job because of affirmative action in hiring. As a result he has negative stereotypes and prejudices against racial minorities. Which of the following theories is most relevant to George's belief?

A) Social identity theory
B) Realistic conflict theory
C) Ingroup bias
D) Social comparison theory

Question 48

Shawn has been hired by a political party to convince homeowners to allow his candidate to put a large, ugly sign on their lawn. Which of the following persuasion techniques is most likely to be successful for Shawn?

A) Foot-in-the-door; first asking them to volunteer at the candidate's election office.
B) Door-in-the-face; first asking them to volunteer at the candidate's election office.
C) Central route persuasion; telling them all about the candidate's personal background and family.
D) Peripheral route persuasion; being attractive, friendly, and well dressed.

Question 49

Approximately what percent of U.S. respondents are still opposed to interracial marriages?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 50

A stereotype is

A) a persistent negative attitude about a group of people.
B) positive, while prejudice is negative.
C) a generalized impression about a group of people.
D) an attitude that is used to justify discrimination.

Question 51

An ingroup is

A) a popular or dominant group.
B) a group about whom we have positive attitudes.
C) a group of other people whom we identify as belonging together, and who are different from us.
D) a group that we believe shares our own characteristics.

Question 52

Fran consciously believes that all races are equal and that discrimination is bad. However, when Fran is talking to racial minorities, she is less likely to make eye contact, and she makes more grammatical errors. Which of the following statements best describes Fran's experience?

A) Fran has negative explicit racial attitudes.
B) Fran is dishonest and needs to have her attitudes tested through the bogus pipeline technique.
C) Fran is not entirely aware of her implicit racial attitudes.
D) Fran has strong explicit racial stereotypes.

Question 53

Which of the following is a component of social identity theory?
a) social categorization
b) social identity
c) social comparison
d) all of the above

Question 54

The Implicit Association Test

A) is used to make people believe that they are hooked up to a lie detector.
B) uses people's implicit attitudes to predict future behavior.
C) is used to reduce the social desirability effect.
D) uses a person's reaction times to help gauge his or her implicit attitudes.

Question 55

Situational attributions focus on people's traits as a cause of their behavior.

Question 56

When we assume the "actor" role, we tend to make situational attributions about our own behaviors.

Question 57

Carlos noticed that John received a low score on his last Biology exam, and made the assumption that his poor test performance was due to laziness. What type of attribution did Carlos make in this situation?

A) Social
B) Behavioral
C) Situational
D) Dispositional

Question 58

The "bogus pipeline" technique is designed to

A) help people identify what their true attitudes are.
B) encourage people to give truthful answers instead of giving socially desirable answers.
C) collect physiological data that can be used in addition to self-reported attitude data.
D) create situations in which people will be exposed to cognitive dissonance.

Question 59

Holly lost her homework which was a rare occurrence. While speaking to her professor about the situation, another student in the class mentioned that he had lost his homework as well. Holly concluded that the other student had not really lost his homework-he was using the excuse because he had not done his homework at all. What attribution process is illustrated by this example?

A) Actor-observer effect
B) Self-serving bias
C) Dispositional
D) Extinction

Question 60

Which of the following people is MOST likely to display a behavior that corresponds to their attitude?

A) Ying, who loves animals and is asked to contribute money to the local animal shelter's expansion fund.
B) Brittany, who is an extrovert and is asked to donate to overseas relief efforts.
C) Boris, who rarely follows the news and is asked to donate money to hurricane relief in a country he's never heard of before.
D) Levi, who has lots of money and is asked to make a donation to the United Way

Question 61

Dr McIntyre's introductory psychology class just did poorly on their first test of the semester. Dr. McIntyre tells them that they need to study harder, and the students start complaining that the test was too hard. Dr. McIntyre is making an ________attribution for the failure, and her students are making an ________ attribution for the failure.

A) internal; internal
B) external; external
C) internal; external
D) external; internal

Question 62

Some social norms may not be openly stated, but we are aware of them.

Question 63

In an experiment by Jones and Harris, people were presented with either a pro-Castro speech or an anti-Castro speech. When people were told that the pro-Castro writer's position had been assigned, not chosen, people made

A) a situational attribution about the writer's beliefs.
B) a dispositional attribution about the writer's beliefs.
C) the same attribution for the pro-Castro speech as for the anti-Castro speech.
D) just as strong an internal disposition as when they believed the writer's position to be freely chosen.

Question 64

An attribution is

A) a predisposition to respond to people and objects in particular ways.
B) a sense of tension we feel when our beliefs contradict our behavior.
C) a set of rules about how people are supposed to behave.
D) an attempt to explain the reason behind people's actions.

Question 65

Describe an instance of the actor-observer effect.

Question 66

Enrico is driving in the left lane and is frustrated because the driver in front of him will not move over and let him pass. Enrico decides that the driver is an idiot who is probably talking on a cell phone. Enrico is making

A) an internal attribution.
B) an external attribution.
C) a situational attribution.
D) a self-serving attribution.

Question 67

Glenda scored very well on her first test. She told others that her success was due to her hard study efforts. When she failed the next test, she attributed it to the test being too difficult. What form of attribution bias does this described?

A) Actor-observer bias
B) Self-serving bias
C) Dispositional bias
D) Situational bias

Question 68

What type of agreed-on expectations provide information about what members of a group actually do?

Question 69

Agreed-on expectations about what members of a group are expected to do are known as __________ norms.

Question 70

Why do we judge many of our behaviors situationally?

Question 71

Individuals tend to make dispositional attributions when they assume the role of a(n) __________.

Question 72

The actor-observer effect states that

A) as actors, we tend to make dispositional attributions about ourselves.
B) as observers, we tend to observe the whole situation when we are explaining other people's behaviors.
C) as actors, we tend to make whichever attribution is most favorable when explaining our own behavior.
D) when people switch from actor to observer, or vice versa, their attributions also tend to switch.

Question 73

Describe the concept of a social role.

Question 74

Describe an example of the self-serving bias from your own experience.

Question 75

According to the self-serving bias, we are likely to make _______ attributions for our own successes and _________attributions for our failures.

A) internal; internal
B) external; external
C) Internal; external
D) External; internal

Question 76

When faced with the behavior of others, we see them as having rich, adaptive personalities.

Question 77

If we are given detailed information about external pressures, we may attribute the behavior of others to __________ factors.

Question 78

Which of the following is true about the attributions we make about other people's actions?

A) When we are evaluating other people's actions, we tend to take their situation into account.
B) The more we know about people's situations, the less likely we are to make dispositional attributions.
C) When we are making attributions about others' behavior, we typically try to give people the benefit of the doubt.
D) We are likely to blame people for their failures, but we are likely to attribute their successes to external factors, such as luck.

Question 79

Which of the following is the best example of the fundamental attribution error?

A) Sally does well on her Spanish exam, and congratulates herself on how smart she is.
B) Jordan's roommate fails his psychology exam and Jordan concludes that his roommate is not very intelligent.
C) Ben fails his physics exam and says it is because the teacher is unfair and the test was too hard.
D) Angie's roommate gets an A on her sociology exam, and Angie assumes that the test was easy.

Question 80

What attitudinal change occurred in residents of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina?