Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

When pairs of participants played a competitive game, and researchers told one member of each pair that the other was either hostile or friendly, the players who were led to believe that their partner was hostile behaved ________.

A) differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, and their partner's behavior actually became more hostile
B) differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, but their partner's behavior did not change
C) no differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, and their partner's behavior did not change
D) no differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, but their partner's behavior actually became more hostile

Answer 1

differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, and their partner's behavior actually became more hostile

Question 2

Cognitive social psychologists call ready-made categories concerning people ________.

A) exemplars
B) schemata
C) formal operations
D) rationales

Answer 2

schemata

Question 3

Judgments about whether a behavior is more revealing about a person or a situation have been studied under the heading of ________.

A) locus of control
B) cognitive dissonance
C) the primacy effect
D) attribution theory

Answer 3

attribution theory

Question 4

The extent to which the first information we receive about someone influences our impression of that person more than later information is called the ________.

A) primacy effect
B) halo effect
C) phi phenomenon
D) recency effect

Question 5

When Erika first met Bill, she found him to be very pleasant and likable. However, over the next few weeks she hears repeated stories of his rude and insensitive behavior toward others. In spite of that, she continues to view him as a nice person who is just "misunderstood." Her refusal to see that her initial impression of Bill was mistaken is most likely due to the ________.

A) halo effect
B) phi phenomenon
C) primacy effect
D) recency effect

Question 6

A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience is a ________.

A) perceptual norm
B) rationale
C) schema
D) projective influence

Question 7

The scientific study of the way in which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of one individual are affected by the real, imagined, or inferred characteristics or behavior of others is known as ________ psychology.

A) interpersonal
B) cognitive
C) environmental
D) social

Question 8

Recent research suggests that in sorting people into categories, we are ________ likely to apply stereotyped schemata in a chance encounter than in a structured, task-oriented situation, and ________ likely to pay attention to individual signals than to stereotypes when we are pursuing a goal.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 9

A set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a social category is a ________.

A) unifying trait
B) primacy effect
C) stereotype
D) perception

Question 10

The collection and assessment of information about other people, so as to form first impressions and to try and understand their behavior is known as ________.

A) the bystander effect
B) a response characteristic
C) social cognition
D) selective perception

Question 11

Lisa's friends have told her that Virginia is not very popular. Jane's friends have told her that Virginia is well liked. Both Lisa and Jane are assigned to work with Virginia on a class assignment. Which of the following is the most likely outcome?

A) Both Jane and Lisa will like Virginia equally well.
B) Lisa will like Virginia, but Jane will not.
C) Jane will like Virginia, but Lisa will not.
D) There is not enough information given in this situation to make a prediction as to who will better like Virginia.

Question 12

According to Heider, we usually attribute someone's behavior to ________.

A) internal causes only
B) either internal or external causes, but not both at the same time
C) internal and external causes at the same time
D) external causes only

Question 13

An influential attribution theory was developed by ________.

A) Luchins
B) Kelley
C) Milgram
D) Snyder

Question 14

When the expectations of one person bring about the expected behavior in another person, the expectation has become a(n) ________.

A) attribution
B) primary drive
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) response characteristic

Question 15

The so-called "Pygmalion effect" is a type of ________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) selective perception
C) unifying trait
D) response characteristic

Question 16

John's friends told him that Mary was the homecoming queen last year. Al's friends told him that Mary was not invited to any of her friends' parties last year. Both John and Al take Mary out on blind dates. Which of the following is the most likely outcome?

A) Mary will be more friendly toward John than toward Al.
B) Mary will be more friendly toward Al than toward John.
C) Mary will not be friendly to either Al or John.
D) Mary will be very friendly toward both Al and John.

Question 17

The "Pygmalion effect" refers to findings that ________.

A) students' expectations of themselves affect their classroom performance
B) teachers' expectations of students affect students' classroom performance
C) students' relationships with their parents affect their classroom performance
D) peer ratings of students correlates highly with classroom performance

Question 18

A special kind of schema based on almost any distinguishing personal attribute is a ________.

A) concept
B) primacy effect
C) unifying trait
D) stereotype

Question 19

According to Kelley, we rely on ________ kinds of information to draw conclusions about the causes of behavior.

A) three
B) two
C) four
D) five

Question 20

Research indicates that teachers' expectations of students ________.

A) has little or no effect on student performance
B) only negatively affects the poorest student performers in a given class
C) only positively affects the top student performers in a given class
D) can have a powerful positive or negative effect on student performance

Question 21

Which of the following is not one of the kinds of information Kelley believed we use to draw conclusions about the causes of behavior?

A) frequency
B) consistency
C) consensus
D) distinctiveness

Question 22

Research has found that Japanese students studying in the United States usually attribute their successes to ________ sources and their failures to ________ sources.

A) external; internal
B) internal; external
C) internal; internal
D) external; external

Question 23

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called ________.

A) the Peter principle
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) the primacy effect
D) defensive attribution

Question 24

A racing driver whose car skids off the road in an important event is most likely to attribute his performance to ________.

A) problems he is having in his personal life
B) slick conditions on the asphalt
C) errors in judgment on his part
D) his late-night partying on the previous evening

Question 25

The tendency to explain our successes according to our personal abilities and attribute our failures to forces beyond our control is called the ________.

A) actor-observer effect
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution error
D) primacy effect

Question 26

Betty went to the dentist to have a filling replaced. Kim, however, found out she needed root canal work. According to the just-world hypothesis, ________.

A) Betty is a lucky person
B) Kim must have disliked Betty
C) Kim has a genetic predisposition towards poor teeth
D) Betty has taken better care of her teeth than Kim

Question 27

The fundamental attribution error is part of the ________.

A) just-world hypothesis
B) self-serving bias
C) actor-observer bias
D) primacy effect

Question 28

Research indicates that we tend to attribute our own actions to ________ factors and the behavior of others to ________ factors.

A) personal; personal
B) situational; situational
C) situational; personal
D) personal; situational

Question 29

A racing driver who wins an important event is most likely to attribute her performance to ________.

A) good conditions on the track
B) errors in judgment by other drivers
C) her nearly flawless performance in the event
D) being very lucky in this particular event

Question 30

When Jason gets an "A" on a math test, he claims it is because he is smart. However, when he fails a social studies test for which he didn't study, he claims the test was too hard. His behavior is an example of the ________.

A) actor-observer effect
B) self-serving bias
C) primacy effect
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 31

Barbie and Ken just moved into a housing development. They are most likely to be attracted to ________.

A) people in other housing developments
B) people who live in adjacent buildings
C) their next-door neighbors
D) people who do not live in housing developments

Question 32

To the extent that a behavior occurs only when a particular event occurs, we tend to attribute the behavior to that event. This is an example of ________.

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) frequency

Question 33

The extent to which a behavior is the same whenever the presumed cause of the behavior is present affects our attributions of the behavior. This exemplifies ________.

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) frequency

Question 34

Bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people, according to the ________.

A) reciprocity model
B) Peter principle
C) just-world hypothesis
D) Premack principle

Question 35

The tendency to explain our successes according to our personal abilities and attribute our failures to forces beyond our control is called ________.

A) the primacy effect
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) a self-delusional thought
D) a defensive attribution

Question 36

According to attribution theory, when evaluating their own behavior, people tend to ________ for good situations and ________ for bad ones.

A) take credit; take credit
B) take credit; deny responsibility
C) deny responsibility; deny responsibility
D) deny responsibility; take credit

Question 37

The term psychologists use to describe how close two people live to each other is ________.

A) complementarity
B) reciprocity
C) proximity
D) propinquity

Question 38

The degree to which other people behave the same way as one person behaves in a situation affects our attributions of that person's behavior. This is an example of ________.

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) frequency

Question 39

The tendency of people to place too much emphasis on personal factors when accounting for other people's actions and too little emphasis on personal factors when accounting for our own actions is known as the ________.

A) actor-observer bias
B) self-serving bias
C) recency effect
D) primacy effect

Question 40

The most important factor in interpersonal attraction is usually ________.

A) proximity
B) attractiveness
C) reciprocity
D) similarity

Question 41

Studies on similarity and attractiveness have found that ________.

A) similarity appears to be unrelated to attraction
B) complementarity is a more powerful influence on attraction than similarity
C) the more similar two people are, the weaker the attraction, because of boredom
D) the more similar two people are, the stronger the attraction between them

Question 42

Complementarity almost always occurs between people with ________ goals and ________ values.

A) similar; opposite
B) opposite; similar
C) similar; similar
D) opposite; opposite

Question 43

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes?

A) evaluative beliefs
B) behavioral expectancies
C) goals
D) feelings

Question 44

Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate. In her opinion, he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her trust of the candidate represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A) feeling
B) intuition
C) behavioral tendency
D) belief

Question 45

We tend to ________ attractive people more than we do less attractive people.

A) like
B) obey
C) dislike
D) ignore

Question 46

The quality of genuine closeness and trust achieved in communication with another person is called ________.

A) reciprocity
B) synergy
C) intimacy
D) propinquity

Question 47

An attitude has ________ major components.

A) five
B) two
C) four
D) three

Question 48

In hospitals, premature infants rated as "attractive" by attending nurse's ________ and gained ________ weight than those judged as less attractive.

A) thrived more; more
B) thrived the same; the same amount of
C) did not thrive; less
D) thrived less; less

Question 49

Mothers of more attractive infants tend to show their children ________ affection and to play with them ________ often than mothers of unattractive infants.

A) more; less
B) more; more
C) less; more
D) the same amount of; just as

Question 50

Roberta is shy, but she falls in love with Sven, who is very outgoing. This illustrates the effect of ________.

A) reciprocity
B) complementary traits
C) similarity
D) proximity

Question 51

When someone reveals too much, too soon in communicating with someone else, the other person is likely to ________.

A) withdraw and stop communicating
B) continue the relationship as if nothing had happened
C) speed up the pace at which he or she reveals information
D) listen more and further explore what has been revealed

Question 52

A relatively stable organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavior tendencies toward something or someone else is a(n) ________.

A) affect
B) attitude
C) cognition
D) archetype

Question 53

Intimate communication is based on the process of ________.

A) kinesics
B) self-disclosure
C) proxemics
D) deindividuation

Question 54

People tend to choose romantic partners who are ________.

A) much more attractive than they are
B) somewhat less attractive than they are
C) similar to themselves in attractiveness
D) much less attractive than they are

Question 55

Most of us associate ________ with good personality traits, intelligence, and happiness.

A) wealth
B) attractiveness
C) old age
D) youth

Question 56

Researchers have found that we expect physically attractive people to be ________.

A) available
B) kind
C) selfish
D) arrogant

Question 57

Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits?

A) a dominant woman marries a submissive man
B) two tennis players become good friends
C) a girl marries the boy next door
D) a girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love

Question 58

Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate. In her opinion, he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A) intuition
B) behavioral tendency
C) feeling
D) evaluative belief

Question 59

We are ________ likely to be attracted to and ________ likely to vote for a political candidate with whom we share similar attitudes.

A) more; more
B) no more; more
C) no more; no more
D) more; no more

Question 60

Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate. In her opinion, he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her sending a donation to the campaign represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A) feeling
B) behavioral tendency
C) intuition
D) belief

Question 61

People who are ________ on self-monitoring are especially likely to override their attitudes and behave in accordance with others' expectations.

A) low
B) nonreactive
C) reactive
D) high

Question 62

A personality pattern characterized by rigid conventionality, exaggerated respect for authority, and hostility toward those who defy society's norms is called a(n) ________ personality.

A) dominant
B) reactionary
C) Type A
D) authoritarian

Question 63

________ is an unfair, intolerant, or unfavorable attitude toward another group of people.

A) Prejudice
B) Conformity
C) Discrimination
D) Oppression

Question 64

Sally knows her own mind. She consistently expresses her beliefs and acts on those beliefs with little regard for the constraints imposed by the situation. She is probably a ________ self-monitor.

A) reactive
B) low
C) nonreactive
D) high

Question 65

Many of our most basic attitudes ________.

A) are inherited
B) are innate
C) come from early, direct personal experience
D) come from what we learn in school

Question 66

________ is an act taken toward one group that is unfair when compared with our behavior toward other groups.

A) Discrimination
B) Bigotry
C) Oppression
D) Prejudice

Question 67

Jean, who is Black, eats in a college cafeteria where she has never seen White and Black students sit at the same table. She has always had White and Black friends, but at school, she chooses not to sit with her White friends for meals. This prejudicial behavior is due to ________.

A) conformity
B) stereotyping
C) inexperience
D) scapegoating

Question 68

Before speaking or acting, Sally examines a situation for cues of how she should react, and then tries to meet the demands of the situation rather than act on her own feelings. She is probably a ________ self-monitor.

A) reactive
B) nonreactive
C) high
D) low

Question 69

The tendency for a person with stereotyped beliefs about a particular group of people to make internal attributions for their shortcomings and external attributions for their successes is known as the ________.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) actor-observer effect
C) ultimate attribution error
D) self-serving bias

Question 70

One who is unjustly blamed and punished for problems he or she did not cause is a ________.

A) victim
B) pariah
C) scapegoat
D) bigot

Question 71

Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African-American singing groups. He actively discourages White couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is best described as ________.

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) ambiguous
D) oppression

Question 72

Prejudicial beliefs are virtually always ________.

A) stereotypes
B) learned in adolescence
C) flexible
D) impersonal but logical

Question 73

Pete has a Ph.D. in the performing arts, but he has been working at odd jobs for years to barely survive. He has had little success as an actor and resents the fact that success has eluded him. He blames his failure on the fact that he is a heterosexual in what he believes is a homosexual-dominated business. His resentment has blossomed into a full- blown hatred of homosexuals. The development of Pete's prejudice is best explained by the ________ theory of prejudice.

A) interpersonal conflict
B) frustration-aggression
C) conformity
D) hostility/aggression

Question 74

Any group of people who feel a sense of solidarity and exclusivity in relation to nonmembers is a(n) ________.

A) cohort
B) in-group
C) out-group
D) clique

Question 75

The tendency for an individual to observe a situation for cues about how he or she should react is called ________.

A) self-efficacy
B) situational narcissism
C) self-monitoring
D) a reaction formation

Question 76

The frustration-aggression theory asserts that discrimination and prejudice result from ________.

A) the superiority of one group over another
B) conformity to social norms
C) displaced aggression
D) passive-aggressive personality traits

Question 77

Ralph, a White student who grew up in Maine, is about to enter the University of Southern California on an athletic scholarship. He is aware that many of his teammates will be Black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Ralph's attitude is best described as an example of ________.

A) discrimination
B) ambiguity
C) nonconformity
D) prejudice

Question 78

Many northern cities in the United States have experienced several waves of immigration, each wave depositing large numbers of people who soon began competing with already established groups for jobs. The theory that would best explain prejudice against the latest wave of immigrants in these terms would locate the origin of the prejudice in ________.

A) frustration-aggression
B) stereotyping
C) interpersonal conflict
D) genetic predisposition

Question 79

Any group of people who are viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) ________.

A) out-group
B) in-group
C) threat-group
D) pariah

Question 80

Which of the following personality types is most likely to be prejudiced?

A) altruistic
B) egalitarian
C) authoritarian
D) intellectual