Deck 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health

Question 1

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered evidence supporting the universality of _________ facial expressions of emotion.

A) five
B) six
C) seven
D) nine

Answer 1

seven

Question 2

"It's too bad my car was damaged by the tree that fell on it during the hurricane, but now I can get that new car I've wanted for so long." This is an example of which coping strategy?

A) reappraising the situation
B) learning from the experience
C) making social comparisons
D) cultivating a sense of humor

Answer 2

reappraising the situation

Question 3

When researchers showed students a series of computer-generated, fairly sex-neutral faces with a range of expressions morphing from angry to happy, the students consistently rated the angry faces as:

A) male.
B) female.
C) the opposite of the student's own gender.
D) the same as the student's own gender.

Answer 3

male.

Question 4

According to Paul Ekman, which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions?

A) agitation
B) fear
C) embarrassment
D) shame

Question 5

When Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that:

A) he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be angry.
C) his positive feelings will decrease.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 6

_________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

A) An attribution
B) Emotion
C) Galvanic skin response
D) Body language

Question 7

When 1-year-old babies in an experiment were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff and saw an expression of fear on their mothers' faces, what portion of them crossed the cliff?

A) all of them
B) about three-quarters of them
C) about one-third of them
D) none of them

Question 8

As Molly looks at the grade scored in her final exams, she thinks, "I did well on this exam, because my roommate helped me study." Molly's thoughts suggest that she has:

A) conscientiousness.
B) a tendency to exert primary control.
C) an internal locus of control.
D) an external locus of control.

Question 9

________ is a general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control or not.

A) Optimism
B) Primary control
C) Secondary control
D) Locus of control

Question 10

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer argued that two factors determine the experience of emotion. The two factors are:

A) cognitive interpretation and cultural influence.
B) physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.
C) perception and attribution.
D) physiological arousal and cultural rules.

Question 11

Many researchers believe that mirror neurons allow humans to:

A) experience empathy.
B) coordinate complicated motor tasks.
C) develop facial expressions for basic emotions.
D) reverse left-right movements when performing a task in front of a mirror.

Question 12

Expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel is called:

A) facial feedback.
B) secondary emotion.
C) emotion work.
D) body language.

Question 13

In most people, the __________ is specialized for withdrawal or escape.

A) somatic nervous system
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 14

Darwin argued that facial expressions of emotion are:

A) biologically irrelevant.
B) learned.
C) maladaptive.
D) innate.

Question 15

_______________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

A) An attribution
B) Emotion
C) Galvanic skin response
D) Body language

Question 16

Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are:

A) facial muscles, bodily changes, and stress.
B) physiological changes, cognitive processes, and action tendencies.
C) the alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase.
D) social rules, cultural rules, and relationship rules.

Question 17

According to the concept of facial feedback, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that:

A) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be happy.
B) he will begin to feel angry.
C) his positive feelings will increase.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 18

The ________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) right hemisphere
C) left hemisphere
D) amygdala

Question 19

What is the key characteristic of the Type A personality that is related to heart disease?

A) working hard
B) impatience
C) hostility
D) having high standards

Question 20

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called:

A) primary emotional processing.
B) internal emotion work.
C) facial feedback.
D) body language.

Question 21

When 1-year-old babies in an experiment were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff and saw an expression of fear on their mothers' faces, what portion of them crossed the cliff?

A) all of them
B) about three-quarters of them
C) about one-third of them
D) none of them

Question 22

Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are:

A) facial muscles, bodily changes, and stress.
B) physiological changes, cognitive processes, and action tendencies.
C) the alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase.
D) social rules, cultural rules, and relationship rules.

Question 23

Parts of the ________ are involved in the regulation of emotion, keeping us on an even keel and responding appropriately to others.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) medulla
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 24

Emily's left prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of an automobile accident. As a result, her friends are most likely to notice that:

A) she has begun to experience excessive euphoria.
B) she can recognize them by voice but not by sight.
C) she seems to have lost her capacity for joy.
D) she "forgets" to be afraid in situations that should involve fear.

Question 25

Darwin argued that facial expressions of emotion are:

A) biologically irrelevant.
B) learned.
C) maladaptive.
D) innate.

Question 26

According to the concept of facial feedback, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that:

A) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be happy.
B) he will begin to feel angry.
C) his positive feelings will increase.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 27

According to Ekman's research on facial expressions:

A) when people try to hide their feelings with an inauthentic expression, they use different groups of muscles than they do for authentic emotions.
B) authentic smiles last ten seconds or more, whereas false smiles last only about two seconds.
C) when trying to feign sadness, only about 60 percent of people manage to get the eyebrows, eyelids, and forehead wrinkle exactly right.
D) there is little support for Darwin's evolutionary theory that certain human facial expressions are innate.

Question 28

Facial feedback is defined as:

A) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
B) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.
C) the emotional reaction of other people to our facial expressions.
D) a set of social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions.

Question 29

In most people, the __________ appears to be specialized for the motivation to approach others.

A) somatic nervous system
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 30

In order to get around the human ability to mask emotions and more clearly define facial expressions for particular emotions, Paul Ekman and his associates:

A) developed a special coding system that analyzed and identified the numerous facial muscles.
B) developed an inter-observer system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably.
C) interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations.
D) monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation.

Question 31

If you put on an angry face, then:

A) your heart rate will rise faster than if you put on a happy face.
B) your heart rate will decelerate.
C) your parasympathetic nervous system will become active.
D) physiological change won't occur because it is a false emotion.

Question 32

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered evidence supporting the universality of _________ facial expressions of emotion.

A) five
B) six
C) seven
D) nine

Question 33

When one-year-old Olivia is placed on an ambiguous visual cliff, she looks at her mom's reassuring face. Olivia is most likely to:

A) smile back at mom, but refuse to cross.
B) cross the cliff.
C) begin crying.
D) learn to distrust her mother.

Question 34

According to Paul Ekman, which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions?

A) agitation
B) fear
C) embarrassment
D) shame

Question 35

Analysis of facial muscles during emotional displays has revealed that:

A) most individuals are able to mimic grief accurately, getting the facial muscles just right.
B) false smiles tend to last ten seconds or more, but authentic smiles last only about two seconds.
C) false expressions use the same groups of muscles that are used in authentic expressions.
D) physiological responses ensure that facial expressions convey the emotion being felt.

Question 36

Chastity is pretending that she is feeling sad. According to research, she is probably:

A) using the same facial muscles she would use if she were really feeling sad.
B) using different facial muscles she would use if she were really feeling sad.
C) not making eye contact.
D) speaking extremely softly while frowning.

Question 37

When Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that:

A) he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be angry.
C) his positive feelings will decrease.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 38

In most people, the __________ is specialized for withdrawal or escape.

A) somatic nervous system
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 39

Ekman and his associates developed a special coding system to analyze and identify each of the nearly __________ muscles of the face, as well as the combinations of muscles associated with various emotions.

A) 70
B) 80
C) 90
D) 100

Question 40

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called:

A) primary emotional processing.
B) internal emotion work.
C) facial feedback.
D) body language.

Question 41

Many researchers believe that mirror neurons allow humans to:

A) experience empathy.
B) coordinate complicated motor tasks.
C) develop facial expressions for basic emotions.
D) reverse left-right movements when performing a task in front of a mirror.

Question 42

Gina jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. Her fear evaporates when she hears her boyfriend's voice saying, "What are you doing out so late, Gina?" What brain structure played a key role when Gina's fear evaporated?

A) medulla
B) hippocampus
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala

Question 43

The polygraph is based on the assumption that a person who is guilty and fearful will have:

A) decreased flow of epinephrine.
B) decreased flow of norepinephrine.
C) increased activity in the autonomic nervous system.
D) increased activity in the hippocampus.

Question 44

According to the section in your textbook on lie detection:

A) the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer is more accurate than the polygraph.
B) the polygraph is more valid than the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer.
C) the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer and the polygraph used together result in valid lie detection.
D) at present there is no perfect way to detect lying.

Question 45

During an interrogation, an FBI agent tries to scare a suspect into making a confession by saying "You know, they have this new type of lie detector that can measure activity in different regions of the brain to determine whether a person is lying or telling the truth." What technology is the agent referring to?

A) fMRI
B) Computer Voice Stress Analyzer
C) polygraph
D) two-photon imaging

Question 46

The influence of thought on emotion was studied by assessing athletes' reactions to being among the medal winners in the 1992 Olympics. The results showed that:

A) third-place winners were happier than second-place winners.
B) second-place winners were happier than third-place winners.
C) there were no significant differences in happiness between third-place and second-place winners.
D) second-place winners showed an increase in positive emotions, but third-place winners showed a decrease.

Question 47

Which of the following emotions is a prototypical emotion?

A) schadenfreude
B) happiness
C) shame
D) nostalgia

Question 48

What property of some brain cells led scientists to call them mirror neurons?

A) They only fire when a person of animal looks in a mirror.
B) Their cell membranes contain a protein that makes them reflect light.
C) Their structure perfectly mirrors the structure of a neighboring neuron.
D) They fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action.

Question 49

The ________ secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine when the sympathetic nervous system becomes activated.

A) left prefrontal cortex
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) adrenal glands

Question 50

When emotions spread from one person to another, it is known as:

A) facial feedback.
B) mood contagion.
C) secondary emotion.
D) emotion work.

Question 51

________ emotions are reflected in the emotion words that young children learn first: happy, sad, mad, and scared.

A) Culturally-distinct
B) Coping
C) Attributional
D) Prototypical

Question 52

Which of the following emotions is a prototypical emotion?

A) compassion
B) jealousy
C) shame
D) happiness

Question 53

Schachter and Singer argued that two factors determine the experience of emotion. The two factors are:

A) cognitive interpretation and cultural influence.
B) physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.
C) perception and attribution.
D) physiological arousal and cultural rules.

Question 54

Dr. Cabbot is recording from a mirror neuron in a monkey's brain. When will the neuron fire?

A) Only when the monkey is performing a specific action, but not when it sees someone else perform the same action.
B) Only when the monkey is watching someone else perform a specific action, but not when it performs the same action.
C) Only when the monkey is watching itself perform an action in front of a mirror.
D) When the monkey is performing a specific action, and also when it watches someone else perform the same action.

Question 55

Simon has experienced damage to his amygdala. It is most likely that he:

A) has difficulty experiencing fear and recognizing fear in others.
B) has lost the capacity to experience love.
C) feels excessively manic and euphoric.
D) feels excessively depressed.

Question 56

________ provides the energy of an emotion, that familiar tingle, excitement, and sense of animation.

A) Melatonin
B) Epinephrine
C) Oxytocin
D) Dopamine

Question 57

The ________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) right hemisphere
C) left hemisphere
D) amygdala

Question 58

Three-year-old Xavier sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Xavier screams in fear. What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

A) olfactory bulb
B) amygdala
C) occipital lobe
D) Wernicke's area

Question 59

The ________ directly controls the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) right hemisphere
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 60

Samantha jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. What brain structure played a key role in Samantha's fearful reaction?

A) medulla
B) hippocampus
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala

Question 61

What is the correct order for the stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) resistance phase, exhaustion phase, alarm phase
B) alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase
C) alarm phase, exhaustion phase, resistance phase
D) resistance phase, alarm phase, exhaustion phase

Question 62

What is the one emotion that North American men express more freely than women?

A) fear
B) sadness
C) humor
D) anger

Question 63

Steve is unexpectedly called on in class. He hasn't the faintest idea of the answer, and he feels his heart start to pound and his palms begin to sweat. According to Hans Selye, he is in the ________ phase of
His stress response.

A) general
B) resistance
C) alarm
D) exhaustion

Question 64

Which of the following outcomes would be most likely after a German-American business meeting?

A) The Germans will complain that the Americans are too cold and aloof.
B) The Germans will complain that the Americans hide their real feelings behind a smile.
C) The Americans will complain that the Germans smile too much when hiding embarrassment.
D) The Americans will complain that the Germans are excessively cheerful.

Question 65

Which occupation would be more likely to require emotion work as a job requirement?

A) customer service representative
B) accountant
C) architect
D) software analyst

Question 66

When researchers showed students a series of computer-generated, fairly sex-neutral faces with a range of expressions morphing from angry to happy, the students consistently rated the angry faces as:

A) male.
B) female.
C) the opposite of the student's own gender.
D) the same as the student's own gender.

Question 67

Which of the following outcomes would be most likely after a Japanese-American business meeting?

A) The Japanese will complain that the Americans are too cheerful.
B) The Japanese will complain that the Americans hide their real feelings behind a smile.
C) The Americans will complain that the Japanese smile too much to disguise embarrassment.
D) The Americans will complain that the Japanese are too aloof and cold.

Question 68

Markesia's body is mobilized to fight off the flu, and she finds she is annoyed by minor frustrations that she can usually shake off. According to Hans Selye, she is in the:

A) chronic stress phase.
B) alarm phase.
C) exhaustion phase.
D) resistance phase.

Question 69

A person is in the _______________ of the general adaptation syndrome when vulnerability to physical problems increases, and illnesses, such as chronic hypertension, develop.

A) chronic stress phase
B) alarm phase
C) exhaustion phase
D) resistance phase

Question 70

Expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel is called:

A) facial feedback.
B) secondary emotion.
C) emotion work.
D) body language.

Question 71

Sandra is a vice president at a large company. As a woman, what dilemma is she likely to face?

A) If she smiles at employees the way her male colleagues do, they are likely to begin disliking her.
B) She is more likely to make "emotional" and illogical decisions than her male colleagues.
C) When women express anger like their male colleagues, they are more likely to be seen as "out of control."
D) Crying in front of male employees will make them like her more, but will prevent her from being promoted.

Question 72

Casey hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense, her blood pressure rises, and her digestion shuts down. According to Hans Selye, she is in the:

A) chronic stress phase.
B) alarm phase.
C) exhaustion phase.
D) resistance phase.

Question 73

Display rules involve:

A) displaying an emotion that is not actually felt, often because of a role requirement.
B) social or cultural guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion.
C) emotions that are displayed, as a rule, only by certain cultures.
D) universal, biologically-based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional situations.

Question 74

________ are social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or suppress) emotions.

A) Emotion prototypes
B) Display rules
C) Primary and secondary controls
D) General adaptations

Question 75

Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and she is behind in all her classes. For the past six months, her job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Her vulnerability to illness, such as chronic hypertension, has increased. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the:

A) chronic stress phase.
B) alarm phase.
C) exhaustion phase.
D) resistance phase.

Question 76

In the ________ of the general adaptation syndrome, the body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to meet an immediate threat.

A) resistance phase
B) alarm phase
C) exhaustion phase
D) exertion phase

Question 77

The modern era of stress research began:

A) when Julian Rotter published a monograph reporting the ways in which an internal or external locus of control influences a person's health.
B) when Susan Staples provided research evidence documenting the human response to environmental noise.
C) when J. G. Courtney found that chronic work-related stresses were linked to colon and rectal cancers.
D) when Hans Selye published a book detailing the ways in which heat, cold, pain, toxins, and danger

Question 78

What has research shown about the stereotype that women are "more emotional" than men?

A) Women feel everyday emotions more often than men.
B) The opposite is true because men feel everyday emotions more often than women.
C) The gender difference is more about how emotions are expressed than how they are felt.
D) Men are more likely to show sadness and guilt, whereas women are more likely to show fear and shame.

Question 79

A person is in the ________ of the general adaptation syndrome when the muscles tense, blood pressure rises, and digestion shuts down.

A) chronic stress phase
B) alarm phase
C) exhaustion phase
D) resistance phase

Question 80

A person is in the _______________ of the general adaptation syndrome when the body becomes more vulnerable to other stressors. For example, when the body is mobilized to fight off the flu, it is easier to be annoyed by minor frustrations.

A) chronic stress phase
B) alarm phase
C) exhaustion phase
D) resistance phase