Deck 1: Crime in Canada Psychology of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

James has a history of anti-social behavior,his parents notice that he is restlessly aggressive,he maintains ideas that rationalize crime,and he has many close associations with other criminals.According to correlates of crime which risk factors does James have?

A)minor risk factors
B)the "Big Four" risk factors
C)social class risk factors
D)no real risk factors

Answer 1

the "Big Four" risk factors

Question 2

Variations in criminal conduct within an individual across time are considered to be

A)inter-individual differences
B)intra-group differences
C)intra-individual differences
D)inter-group differences

Answer 2

intra-individual differences

Question 3

With respect to how Canadians rate different sources of information on their perceptions of crime,which of the following is true?

A)government information has a large influence
B)TV News has the largest influence
C)academic contributions have the largest influence
D)friends and family have a very small influence

Answer 3

TV News has the largest influence

Question 4

Which of the following risk factors fall into the "Big Four"?

A)low levels of nurturance and/or caring and poor monitoring and/or supervision
B)abuse of alcohol and/or other drugs
C)mental health disorder
D)attitudes,values,beliefs,and rationalizations supportive of crime

Question 5

The Personal,Interpersonal and Community (PIC-R) model of crime is considered to reflect what theory of crime?

A)Strain theory
B)Behavioural theory
C)Risk factor theory
D)Cognitive social learning theory

Question 6

Which region of Canada has the highest crime rate?

A)British Columbia
B)Ontario
C)Saskatchewan
D)Northwest Territories

Question 7

Variations in rates of crime and incarceration across countries seem to suggest differences in

A)reporting of criminal conduct
B)theoretical differences in researchers
C)definitions and/or tolerance for criminal behaviour
D)federal versus provincial definitions of crime

Question 8

The preferred model of criminal psychology ascribed to in this text is the

A)Forensic model
B)Strain theory model
C)Correctional psychology model
D)Offender model

Question 9

According to a phone survey conducted by Latimer and Desjardins (2007),approximately what percentage of the Canadian public has been victimized by crime?

A)10%
B)30%
C)60%
D)85%

Question 10

In accordance with the "age-crime curve" Joseph will likely:

A)engage in more criminal behavior as he gets older
B)engage in more violent crime as he gets older
C)engage in less overall criminal behavior as he ages
D)engage other criminals in his crimes as he ages

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the variation trends in the age of crime victims?

A)more than half of all victims are under the age of 30
B)Canadians aged 65 and older account for about 30% of victims
C)males aged 45-64 are far more likely to be the victims of violent crime
D)the lowest percentage of recipients of violent crime were 15-19

Question 12

The method of reviewing studies and aggregating the findings in terms of effect sizes is called:

A)narrative case method
B)meta-analysis method
C)independent method
D)interpretation method

Question 13

To address Canadian concerns regarding criminal responsibility,what essential element is included in the textbook definition of criminal behaviour taken from Bartol and Bartol (2008)?

A)intent
B)cultural norms
C)distal causes
D)proximal causes

Question 14

Compared to a sociological approach,one of the unique benefits of using a psychological approach to studying crime is that:

A)it explains how variables that affect a large number of people influence criminal behaviour
B)it provides insight into the motivations of offenders
C)it accounts for heterogeneity in offending behaviours within groups
D)it is based on scientific research

Question 15

Offenders who receive sentences of less than two years or who receive community sentences such as fines are under which jurisdiction?

A)provincial
B)federal
C)municipal
D)international

Question 16

Though it may seem unimportant,how crime is defined is critical because it affects:

A)economic policies
B)public fear of crime
C)crime prevalence
D)immigration

Question 17

The major risk factors for criminal behavior are considered "criminogenic" because they:

A)cannot explain most criminal behaviour
B)lead to reductions in re-offending when reduced
C)are equal risk factors with mental health disorders
D)are genetic factors

Question 18

Which of the following accurately reflects government and public opinions of crime in Canada?

A)The government is getting tougher on crime,yet the public is becoming less concerned about it
B)The government is getting softer on crime,and the public is becoming less concerned about it
C)The government is getting tougher on crime,and the public is becoming more concerned about it
D)The government is getting softer on crime,yet the public is becoming more concerned about it

Question 19

Compared to traditional police reports of crime,one of the strengths of the new Police Reported Crime Severity Index (PRCSI) is that:

A)it records a greater variety of crimes in more locations
B)it accounts for the relative seriousness of crimes committed
C)only detectives can enter information into the database
D)it is more cost efficient

Question 20

Andrews and Bonta (2006) have investigated and then ranked variables across several studies to come up with their Central Eight risk/need factors.They have engaged in which type of research?

A)observational research
B)case study research
C)self-report research
D)meta-analysis research

Question 21

Crime decreases with increased age.

Question 22

Approximately 5 million crimes are reported annually in Canada.

Question 23

Variations that occur within an individual across time and situations are called intra-individual differences.

Question 24

The fact that fewer people are charged with crimes than are arrested,convicted of crimes than are charged,and receive custodial sentences than are convicted is referred to as the "crime funnel".

Question 25

Over half of all custodial sentences for crime in Canada are greater than one month in duration.

Question 26

Compare and contrast forensic psychology and correctional psychology.

Question 27

Close association with criminal others is considered a minor risk factor for criminal behaviour.

Question 28

In their PIC-R Theory,Andrews and Bonta (2006) argue that only community factors influence the decision to engage in criminal behaviour.

Question 29

The meta-analytic approach is preferred over literature reviews when trying to identify the determinants of crime due to its quantitative approach.

Question 30

Compared to other countries,the crime rate in Canada is high.

Question 31

The phenomenon of decreased criminal activity with age is called the "age-crime curve".

Question 32

Crime rates from 1998-2012 show a general decline in crimes reported to police.

Question 33

The "Central Eight" risk/need factors that are most important in understanding criminal behaviour were proposed by Andrews and Bonta (2006).

Question 34

Explain Andrews and Bonta's (2006) Personal,Interpersonal and Community (PIC-R) model of crime.

Question 35

The Crime Severity Index tracks changes in reported crimes in Canada.

Question 36

Variations in criminal conduct between individuals are called inter-group differences.

Question 37

Offenders comprise a homogeneous group.

Question 38

The Crime Severity Index measure severity of the offence by looking at the incarceration rates of those crimes.

Question 39

The majority of crimes reflect ordinary individuals dealing with ordinary problems.

Question 40

Definitions of crime may include legal,moral,social,or psychological explanations of criminal behaviour.

Question 41

Compare and contrast major,moderate,and minor risk factors for crime,as identified by Andrews and Bonta (2006).

Question 42

Explain what aspects of criminal behaviour the psychological perspective attempts to explain.

Question 43

Describe recent crime trends in Canada.

Question 44

Explain why we care about studying crime in Canada by discussing three important considerations: crime prevalence,victimization,and cost.

Question 45

Describe why using a meta-analytic review is a useful strategy to identify determinants of crime.

Question 46

Outline why defining criminal behaviour is a difficult task.

Question 47

Explain the main purpose of Police Reported Crime Severity Index (PRCSI) and how it differs from traditional crime reporting.