Deck 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Question 1

A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus with a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following would also be expected?

A) Hypertrophy of the aorta and major arteries
B) Transposition of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
C) The aorta returning blood to the right atrium
D) Blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel

Answer 1

Blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel

Question 2

A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis, usually occurring during crying or after feeding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Atrioventricular canal defect
B) Ventricular septal defect
C) Tetralogy of Fallot
D) Atrial septal defect

Answer 2

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 3

A newborn child experiences hypoxia and cyanosis. The most likely diagnosis is a congenital heart defect causing a(n) _____ shunt.

A) right-to-left
B) left-to-right
C) ductus venosus
D) umbilical

Answer 3

right-to-left

Question 4

Which of the following statements best describes total anomalous pulmonary venous connection?

A) The foramen ovale closes after birth.
B) Pulmonary venous return is to the right atrium.
C) Pulmonary venous return is to the left atrium.
D) The foramen ovale does not close.

Question 5

The patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus is called the:

A) foramen ovale.
B) ductus venosus.
C) ductus arteriosus.
D) foramen magnum.

Question 6

A newborn child has a murmur and cyanosis. An echocardiogram reveals that the tricuspid valve failed to develop and no blood flows between the right atrium and ventricle. This condition is referred to as tricuspid:

A) regurgitation.
B) stenosis.
C) atresia.
D) transposition.

Question 7

A 1-month-old infant visits his physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis. Which of the following would be expected with this diagnosis?

A) Ventricular dilation
B) Ventricular hypertrophy
C) Atrial rigidity
D) Decreased contractility

Question 8

A newborn is suspected of having coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following assessments would aid in diagnosis?

A) Cyanosis
B) Bounding pedal pulses
C) Cool arms
D) Weak or absent femoral pulses

Question 9

A newborn baby is severely cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries. Which of the following occurs with this defect?

A) The pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
B) The aorta leaves the right ventricle
C) Ventricular septal defect
D) Atrial septal defect

Question 10

A 2-week-old infant presents with poor feeding, fatigue, dyspnea, and a murmur. She is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus. This condition results in a(n):

A) decreased pulmonary blood flow.
B) right-to-left shunt.
C) left-to-right shunt.
D) increased systemic blood flow.

Question 11

A newborn is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis. Which of the following intrauterine factors could have caused this defect?

A) Diabetes
B) Alcohol exposure
C) Infection
D) Dextroamphetamine

Question 12

A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. She is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the:

A) mitral valve.
B) pulmonary artery.
C) pulmonary valve orifice.
D) pulmonary vein.

Question 13

An infant undergoes an echocardiogram for a suspected heart defect. Tests reveal an opening in the middle of the atrial septum. This defect is referred to as:

A) ostium primum atrial septal defect.
B) ostium secundum atrial septal defect.
C) sinus venosus atrial septal defect.
D) Eisenmenger syndrome.

Question 14

The most common type of congenital heart defect is:

A) atrial septal defect.
B) ventricular septal defect.
C) tetralogy of Fallot.
D) atrioventricular canal defect.

Question 15

An 8-week-old infant presents to his pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical exam reveals a murmur and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following genetic factors would most likely accompany this diagnosis?

A) Huntington disease
B) Color blindness
C) Down syndrome
D) Hemophilia

Question 16

An 8-week-old infant presents to her physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect. Left untreated, this defect will result in:

A) pulmonary hypertension.
B) cyanosis.
C) dysrhythmias.
D) valve damage.

Question 17

A 40-year-old pregnant woman is concerned about the health of her unborn child. She has phenylketonuria (PKU) and recently had a viral infection. If the child is born with a congential heart defect, which of the following is the most likely based on the mother's history?

A) Coarctation of aorta
B) Pulmonic stenosis
C) Ventricular septal defect
D) Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 18

A newborn child is diagnosed with Trisomy 18. Which of the following congenital heart defects will she most likely have?

A) Atrial septal defect
B) Coarctation of the aorta
C) Atrioventricular canal defect
D) Ventricular septal defect

Question 19

Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the:

A) aortic valve.
B) ductus arteriosus.
C) diaphragm.
D) bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.

Question 20

A 22-year-old pregnant woman presents to her OB/GYN for a prenatal checkup. The heartbeat sounds irregular, and a fetal echocardiogram reveals an atrioventricular canal defect. This defect is characterized by:

A) the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close.
B) fusion of the endocardial cushions.
C) blood flow between all four heart chambers.
D) right-to-left shunt.

Question 21

A 5-year-old female is found to have hypertension during three separate visits to her physician. Lab tests reveal that the hypertension is secondary to:

A) renal disease.
B) brain tumor.
C) hypocalcemia.
D) hyponatremia.

Question 22

A 22-year-old pregnant female presents for a fetal echocardiogram. Tests reveal small left atrium and mitral valve and an absent left ventricle and aortic valve. This defect is:

A) an indication for neonatal heart transplant.
B) rarely fatal.
C) easily repaired.
D) asymptomatic.

Question 23

A 3-year-old Japanese male is diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) A genetic defect causing left heart failure
B) Autoimmune injury to the lymphatic vessels
C) Infectious pericarditis
D) Systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology

Question 24

A 1-year-old female with a ventricular septal defect is experiencing congestive heart failure. Which of the following will most likely occur?

A) Failure to thrive and periorbital edema
B) Edema to the hands and feet
C) Weight loss and jaundice
D) Flat neck veins and increased urinary output