Deck 8: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

When an adult gains an extra 4.5 kg of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is fat?

A) 2.3 kg
B) 3.4 kg
C) 4.3 kg
D) 4.5 kg

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The feeling of satisfaction resulting from consumption of a meal is termed which of the following?

A) satiety
B) appetite
C) postabsorptive hunger
D) resting postabsorptive increment

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In an adult who gains 9 kg of excess body weight, about how much of this is lean tissue?

A) 0 kg
B) 1 kg
C) 2.3 kg
D) 4.5 kg

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of these is the most satiating macronutrient?

A) fat
B) water
C) protein
D) carbohydrate

Question 5

Which of the following terms describes the number of kcalories that the body obtains from a food, in contrast to the number of kcalories that are determined by burning the food in a bomb calorimeter?

A) direct calorimetry
B) indirect calorimetry
C) psychological food value
D) physiological food value

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of satiety or satiation?

A) Satiety activates hunger.
B) Satiation signals the commencement of eating.
C) Satiation develops as food enters the GI tract.
D) Satiety but not hunger may be overridden by stress.

Question 7

Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass?

A) 0 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 35 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 8

A person who eats in response to arousal is most likely experiencing which of the following?

A) stress eating
B) sensory influences
C) physiological influences
D) postabsorptive influences

Question 9

Which part of the brain triggers the hunger sensation?

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus

Question 10

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?

A) turkey
B) pecan pie
C) mashed potatoes
D) noodle casserole

Question 11

An example of an external cue that may cause an obese person to respond to food typically is which of the following?

A) TV commercials
B) outdoor exercises
C) satiation
D) lack of sleep

Question 12

Which of these instruments is used to measure the energy content of foods?

A) energy chamber
B) exothermic meter
C) bomb calorimeter
D) combustion chamber

Question 13

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for 1 month?

A) 0.25 kg
B) 1 kg
C) 1.4 kg
D) 1.8 kg

Question 14

Which of the following hormones is most responsible for signalling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a meal?

A) gastrin
B) adipokines
C) epinephrine
D) cholecystokinin

Question 15

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?

A) 30 minutes
B) 1.5 hours
C) 4 hours
D) 8 hours

Question 16

Among the following foods, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger?

A) apples
B) peanuts
C) doughnuts
D) potato chips

Question 17

Which of the following foods would have a weakened effect on satiation?

A) watermelon and strawberries
B) toast and jam
C) skim milk and an oatmeal cookie
D) cheese dip and crackers

Question 18

A person who exhibits a physiological need to eat is most likely experiencing the sensation of which of the following?

A) hunger
B) appetite
C) stress eating
D) neuropeptide Y suppression

Question 19

Which of the following represents an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food?

A) the increase in heat given off when the food is burned
B) quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned
C) quantity of carbon dioxide consumed when the food is burned
D) the increase in heat retained by the food when it is slowly brought to 100°C

Question 20

After consuming a very large meal, the desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake is an example of behaviour known as which of the following?

A) satiety
B) hunger
C) appetite
D) pigging out

Question 21

Which of these methods is used to measure the amount of heat given off by the body?

A) bomb calorimetry
B) basal calorimetry
C) direct calorimetry
D) indirect calorimetry

Question 22

Which of the following hormones is released into the intestine after a person eats a high fat food?

A) norepinephrine
B) serotonin
C) cholecystokinin
D) adiponectin

Question 23

What is the approximate daily basal metabolism of a 50 kg woman?

A) 500 kcal
B) 1000 kcal
C) 1500 kcal
D) 2000 kcal

Question 24

Which of the following measures are all used to compute a woman's BMR?

A) Body fat, height, and age
B) Body weight, height, and age
C) Physical activity level, body weight, and height
D) Energy intake, physical activity level, and body weight

Question 25

Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate?

A) females
B) older individuals
C) younger individuals
D) people with smaller surface areas

Question 26

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?

A) about 1/10
B) up to 1/2
C) about 2/3
D) over 9/10

Question 27

Thyroid hormone activity can speed up or slow down the rate of metabolism by which of the following percentages?

A) 10 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 28

Which of the following measures may be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by the body?

A) oxygen consumed
B) total air exchanged
C) intestinal gas expelled
D) carbon dioxide consumed

Question 29

If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has which of the following?

A) more body fat
B) stronger bones
C) stronger muscles
D) more muscle mass

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of a moderate equivalent task (MET) activity?

A) stretching
B) sleeping
C) golfing
D) weight lifting

Question 31

Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her basal metabolic rate?

A) She was mildly malnourished.
B) She slept through the procedure.
C) She was dehydrated.
D) She ate right before the measurement was done.

Question 32

Which of the following describes the process of thermogenesis?

A) burning of fat
B) synthesis of fat
C) generation of heat
D) generation of water

Question 33

Which of these terms describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg?

A) febrile hyperthermia
B) physical hyperthermia
C) specific thermogenesis
D) adaptive thermogenesis

Question 34

The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for which of the following nutrients?

A) fat
B) salt
C) protein
D) carbohydrate

Question 35

Which of the following would best assess the energy expenditure of a bedridden patient?

A) body composition
B) basal metabolic rate
C) physical activity level
D) adaptive thermogenesis

Question 36

What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet?

A) 25 kcal
B) 250 kcal
C) 400 kcal
D) 500 kcal

Question 37

Which of the following diets promotes the greatest loss of body heat?

A) high fat, low protein
B) high protein, low fat
C) high carbohydrate, low fat
D) balanced protein, fat, and carbohydrate

Question 38

What is the primary reason for avoiding the value for adaptive thermogenesis when calculating energy requirements?

A) It is too costly to measure.
B) It is too variable to measure.
C) The value is too low to be meaningful.
D) The value is highly influenced by the dietary ratio of protein, fat, and carbohydrate.

Question 39

Which of the following is a function of neuropeptide Y?

A) It stimulates hunger.
B) It reduces fat storage.
C) It is synthesized in the liver.
D) It increases fat cravings.

Question 40

Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate?

A) age
B) gender
C) amount of fat tissue
D) amount of lean body tissue

Question 41

For almost all people who use the equations for calculating Estimated Energy Requirements, the actual values fall within a range of plus or minus which of these amounts?

A) 50-100 kcal
B) 125-200 kcal
C) 320-400 kcal
D) 500-750 kcal

Question 42

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

A) Males are usually taller than females.
B) Females have lower levels of thyroid hormones.
C) Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass.
D) Females have a lower percentage of adipose tissue.

Question 43

Jim is a 45 year old who eats fast food at least 3 times a week and smokes a pack of cigarettes each day. He just had a physical examination and was told that his body mass index is 24. In what category would Jim's BMI be classified?

A) Obesity
B) Overweight
C) Underweight
D) Healthy weight

Question 44

Which of the following types of athlete may be classified as overweight by BMI standards, even though he/she is not overfat?

A) cyclists
B) gymnasts
C) football players
D) marathon runners

Question 45

The weight of the body less the fat content is known as which of the following terms?

A) cherubic index
B) lean body mass
C) body mass index
D) ideal body weight

Question 46

What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight men?

A) 5-10 percent
B) 13-21 percent
C) 22-30 percent
D) 32-40 percent

Question 47

An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called which of these terms?

A) body mass index
B) height-to-weight index
C) ideal body weight index
D) desirable body weight index

Question 48

To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which of the following factors is used in the equations?

A) weight
B) fat intake
C) surface area
D) fat-fold thickness

Question 49

Which of the following percentages of body fat can be present in excessively obese adults?

A) 55 percent
B) 60 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 50

If a normal 30-year-old woman has a daily energy expenditure of 2200 kcalories, what would be her expected output when she reaches 60 years of age?

A) 1210 kcal
B) 1450 kcal
C) 1885 kcal
D) 2275 kcal

Question 51

What is the approximate body mass index of a woman who is 165 centimeters tall and weighs 57 kg?

A) 21
B) 26
C) 31
D) 36

Question 52

Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 165 cm tall and weighs 75 kg. She calculated her BMI to be 27.5. She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much weight must she lose?

A) 9.5 kg
B) 12.3 kg
C) 15 kg
D) 18.6 kg

Question 53

For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories?

A) 2 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent

Question 54

What is the approximate percentage of Canadian adults with a BMI over 25.0?

A) 30 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 60 percent

Question 55

What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30 percent body fat and young men with 20% body fat?

A) obese
B) normal
C) mildly overweight
D) slightly underweight

Question 56

Which of the following conditions may occur in an individual whose body fat falls below a certain threshold?

A) gallbladder disease
B) diabetes
C) hormone synthesis failure
D) dehydration

Question 57

What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women?

A) 9-17 percent
B) 23-31 percent
C) 33-37 percent
D) 38-44 percent

Question 58

A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below which of these values?

A) 12
B) 14
C) 17
D) 18.5

Question 59

Why does use of the BMI overestimate the prevalence of obesity in Canadians of African descent?

A) Blacks have a higher average height than whites.
B) Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites.
C) Blacks tend to have different proportions of brown and white adipose tissue than whites.
D) The fat pads in blacks are situated primarily around the hips, whereas in whites the pads are primarily abdominal.

Question 60

Central obesity is associated with an increased risk for which of the following conditions?

A) infertility
B) clinical depression
C) hypertension
D) abnormal hunger regulation

Question 61

Storage of excess body fat in which of these regions of the body is associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?

A) neck
B) abdomen
C) hips and thighs
D) arms and shoulders

Question 62

In terms of preventable illnesses and early deaths, where does obesity rank?

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 63

The risks for dying prematurely are doubled when the body mass index first rises above what value?

A) 27
B) 30
C) 32
D) 35

Question 64

Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around which of these areas?

A) stomach
B) arms and chest
C) hips and thighs
D) neck and shoulders

Question 65

Which of the following fruits is commonly linked to upper body fat levels as the fruit typifies the body's shape?

A) pineapple
B) grape
C) pear
D) apple

Question 66

Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk?

A) Take steps to raise the LDL and lower the HDL.
B) Consider liposuction surgery for removing extra abdominal fat.
C) Lose weight as it can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure.
D) Obtain genetic testing to determine the exact percent chance of developing cardiovascular disease.

Question 67

Waist circumference can best be used to assess which of the following amounts?

A) BMI
B) total body water
C) abdominal fat stores
D) subcutaneous fat stores

Question 68

Which of the following measures can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?

A) BMI
B) essential body fat
C) hydrodensitometry
D) waist circumference

Question 69

Which of the following defines central obesity?

A) accumulation of fat during the mid-years of life
B) storage of excess fat around the trunk of the body
C) over-fatness due to a large number of interacting behavioural problems
D) over-fatness due to reliance on high-fat foods as a central part of the diet

Question 70

A graph of the relationship between mortality (left axis) and body mass index is shaped like a(n)

A) J
B) S
C) backslash
D) inverted U

Question 71

Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28. Her body type could be described as "pear-like." John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is "apple-like." Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases?

A) He is male.
B) He is older.
C) He weighs more.
D) He has central obesity.

Question 72

Central obesity and weight gains of more than how many kg during early and middle adulthood correlate with increased disease risks?

A) 3 kg
B) 6 kg
C) 9 kg
D) 12 kg

Question 73

A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed which of these measurements?

A) 61 cm
B) 71 cm
C) 88 cm
D) 107 cm

Question 74

Why is chronic inflammation a concern for overweight and obese individuals?

A) It increases the risk for obesity by 50 percent.
B) It promotes the development of metabolic syndrome.
C) It is commonly found in people with a BMI less than 24.
D) It enhances insulin sensitivity leading to periodic bouts of hypoglycemia.

Question 75

A known health risk for being underweight includes which of the following?

A) diabetes
B) respiratory infections
C) headaches
D) increased cancer-induced wasting

Question 76

Which of the following methods assesses body fat by examining the thickness of a fold of body tissue on the arm, below the shoulder blade and in other areas of the body?

A) dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
B) BMI
C) air displacement plethysmography
D) skinfold measures

Question 77

Which of the following methods measures body density by first weighing an individual on land and then weighing him/her again while submerged in water?

A) air displacement plethysmography
B) dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
C) hydrodensitometry
D) bioelectrical impedance

Question 78

Which of the following is a health risk associated with excessive body fat?

A) osteoporosis
B) fractures
C) gallbladder disease
D) lupus

Question 79

There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man's waist circumference begins to exceed which of these measurements?

A) 102 cm
B) 116 cm
C) 127 cm
D) 133 cm

Question 80

Intra-abdominal fat is the same as which of the following?

A) waist fat
B) visceral fat
C) lipid profile fat
D) subcutaneous fat