Deck 16: Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

A newly fertilized egg is known as which of the following?

A) a fetus
B) an ovum
C) a zygote
D) an embryo

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What organ functions to prepare the mother's breasts for lactation?

A) uterus
B) ovaries
C) placenta
D) amniotic sac

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these is the stage of pregnancy at which an embryo shows a beating heart and a complete central nervous system?

A) 8 weeks
B) 12 weeks
C) 20 weeks
D) 29 weeks

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Among the following, which is known to represent a significant risk factor for a pregnancy being affected by a neural tube defect?

A) maternal obesity
B) age at time of pregnancy
C) low socioeconomic status
D) exposure to a hot tub during pregnancy

Question 5

Which of the following has a favourable influence on fertility?

A) being underweight
B) having excess body fat
C) eliminating low-glycemic carbohydrates from the diet
D) choosing diets providing protein from vegetable sources

Question 6

A newborn infant at full gestational age has an average length of which of the following?

A) 40 cm
B) 45 cm
C) 50 cm
D) 55 cm

Question 7

What organ of the pregnant woman is central to the exchange of nutrients for waste products with the fetus?

A) uterus
B) vagina
C) placenta
D) amniotic sac

Question 8

Which of these is the name given to the human organism 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization and the stage at which the digestive system is formed?

A) fetus
B) embryo
C) zygote
D) mesoderm

Question 9

Which of these is the term given to the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth?

A) fetus
B) ovum
C) zygote
D) embryo

Question 10

Which of the following shows a relationship between nutrition and pregnancy?

A) Underweight has little, if any, effect on fertility.
B) Overweight men have low sperm counts that reduce fertility.
C) Limited body fat in women interferes with the regular cycles of menstruation.
D) The woman's nutritional status is less important than the man's for the developing fetus.

Question 11

What is the approximate length of the fetus at 11 weeks of development?

A) 2.5 cm
B) 4.0 cm
C) 5.5 cm
D) 7.0 cm

Question 12

Which of the following describes the placenta?

A) an organ from which the infant receives nourishment
B) a muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth
C) the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth
D) the developing infant during its second through eighth week after conception

Question 13

Which of the following weight ranges typifies a healthy infant?

A) 2 - 2.5 kg
B) 2.5 - 3 kg
C) 3 - 3.5 kg
D) 3.5 - 4 kg

Question 14

Which of these terms is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?

A) first trimester
B) critical period
C) fertility period
D) conceptual period

Question 15

What connects the umbilical cord to the fetus?

A) uterus
B) placenta
C) amniotic sac
D) belly button

Question 16

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of how long?

A) 4 weeks, called quarters
B) 9 weeks, called quartiles
C) 4 months, called semesters
D) 3 months, called trimesters

Question 17

The neural tube forms the early parts of which of the following body parts?

A) umbilical cord
B) liver and pancreas
C) gastrointestinal tract
D) brain and spinal cord

Question 18

Which of the following describes the capacity of a man to produce sperm and a woman to periodically produce a normal egg?

A) zygote
B) fertility
C) conception
D) implantation zone

Question 19

How many weeks is the usual duration of a full-term pregnancy?

A) 32-36 weeks
B) 38-42 weeks
C) 43-45 weeks
D) 46-49 weeks

Question 20

During development of the fetus, which of these organs is/are the first to develop?

A) heart and lungs
B) liver and kidneys
C) gastrointestinal tract
D) central nervous system and brain

Question 21

Which of these parameters is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status?

A) infant's birth weight
B) mother's weight before pregnancy
C) mother's weight gain during pregnancy
D) mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy

Question 22

As a nutrition consultant, you advise patients to en sure they consume about 400 µg of folate daily. One patient is aware that folate helps prevent birth defects but she isn't sure why she should take it if she is not pregnant. Which of the following is the most appropriate reply?

A) Folate supplementation prevents pernicious anemia, which increases the risk of spina bifida.
B) Folate supplementation is needed to ensure a large store that can be utilized by the growing fetus.
C) As long as supplementation begins the day pregnancy is confirmed, there is no risk of defects.
D) The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, oftentimes before the woman realizes she is pregnant.

Question 23

Which of these organs is most affected in anencephaly?

A) liver
B) heart
C) brain
D) pancreas

Question 24

Which of the following nutrients taken as a prenatal supplement has been found to be associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects?

A) iron
B) folate
C) calcium
D) cobalamin

Question 25

Which of the following conditions increases the risk of macrosomia?

A) folate deficiency
B) pre-pregnancy obesity
C) post-pregnancy infection
D) gestational oxygen deprivation

Question 26

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during which of these stages of pregnancy?

A) final 3 months of gestation
B) middle 3 months of gestation
C) first three months of gestation
D) month before conception through the first 3 months of pregnancy

Question 27

During fetal development, which of the following nutritional concerns may increase the risk for a chronic condition later in adult life?

A) Malnutrition during pregnancy leads to macrosomia and GI disturbances in the offspring.
B) Insufficient nutrient intake during pregnancy promotes hypertrophy of the kidneys and hypotension in adulthood.
C) Nutrition during pregnancy is the chief determinant of pancreatic beta cell growth and the risk for type 2 diabetes of the offspring.
D) Malnutrition during pregnancy programs the fetus to modify the genetic composition of the placenta and thereby alter nutrient delivery through the umbilical cord.

Question 28

The most common forms of neural tube defects are spina bifida and which of the following?

A) macrosomia
B) anencephaly
C) myelomeningecele
D) rachischisis

Question 29

The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child's development of diseases later in life is known by which of the following terms?

A) retrogenetics
B) reverse genetics
C) fetal programming
D) postpartum degenerative expression

Question 30

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has which of the following disorders?

A) spina bifida
B) macrosomia
C) anencephaly
D) neural tube seizure

Question 31

What is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman?

A) 4.5-8.2 kg
B) 8.6-10.9 kg
C) 11.5-16.0 kg
D) 17.2-20 kg

Question 32

As a means to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in newborn infants, grain products are fortified with which one of these nutrients?

A) folate
B) thiamin
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 33

Which of the following terms describes an infant born during the 36th week of pregnancy?

A) term
B) preterm
C) post term
D) cesarean

Question 34

The mandatory Canadian fortification of which one of the following foods has helped dramatically to reduce the incidence for neural tube defects?

A) flour
B) salt
C) milk
D) orange juice

Question 35

In obese pregnant women, the risk for neural tube defects in the infant is believed to result from which of these behaviours?

A) insufficient exercise
B) poor glycemic control
C) insufficient folate intake
D) dieting during pregnancy

Question 36

Which of the following describes an infant born during the 43rd week of pregnancy?

A) term
B) preterm
C) post term
D) cesarean

Question 37

What is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for an underweight woman?

A) 6.8-11.3 kg
B) 12.5-18.0 kg
C) 19.1-22.7 kg
D) 24.9-28.1 kg

Question 38

What percentage of pregnancies in Canada are unplanned?

A) 10 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 35 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 39

What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 40

Which of the following describes macrosomia?

A) a neural tube defect
B) a high-birth weight infant
C) excessive weight gain of the mother
D) abnormal cravings for carbohydrate during pregnancy

Question 41

What is the minimum recommended weight gain for the obese pregnant woman?

A) 5 kg
B) 8.2 kg
C) 11.3 kg
D) 15.9 kg

Question 42

Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells?

A) protein and chromium
B) folate and vitamin B₁₂
C) calcium and vitamin A
D) vitamin E and vitamin C

Question 43

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?

A) iron
B) protein
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin B₆

Question 44

Which of the following situations occur as a response to pregnancy?

A) breast size increases
B) blood volume stays the same
C) body water level decreases
D) joint flexibility stays the same

Question 45

Jenny has just learned that she is 1 month pregnant (first trimester). She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips, and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. Which of the following is the most appropriate advice for Jenny?

A) She can eat these foods, but only up to 340 kcalories extra per day.
B) She can eat these foods, but only up to 550 kcalories extra per day.
C) She does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself.
D) She should not eat these foods, but rather include 1 extra serving from each food group per day.

Question 46

What is the recommended minimum weight gain of a woman who will bear twins?

A) 11.3 kg
B) 17.1 kg
C) 20.4 kg
D) 24.9 kg

Question 47

Which of the following statements characterizes energy needs during pregnancy?

A) The need is proportionally greater than for most other nutrients.
B) The increased needs are similar at the beginning and end of pregnancy.
C) The needs increase by similar amounts in teenagers and 30-year-old women.
D) Carbohydrates should supply a minimum of 135 g and ideally 175 g per day.

Question 48

Usually, which of these is the first sign of preeclampsia?

A) fall in blood pressure
B) elevated blood glucose
C) a large weight gain over a short time
D) chronic episodes of pica over the last 2 trimesters

Question 49

Which of the following describes a true relationship between body weight and pregnancy?

A) Overweight women bear the greatest number of low-birth-weight infants.
B) Weight gain during pregnancy is the sole determinant of fetus weight at birth.
C) The increased incidence of neural-tube defects of infants born to obese women is due primarily to folate insufficiency.
D) Underweight women who gain 13.6 kg during pregnancy tend to birth smaller babies than heavier women who gain 13.6 kg.

Question 50

To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, which of the following activities are considered acceptable?

A) saunas
B) scuba diving
C) playing singles tennis
D) playing singles squash

Question 51

Which of the following numbers is the protein RDA during pregnancy?

A) + 10 g/day
B) + 15 g/day
C) + 20 g/day
D) + 25 g/day

Question 52

The component of weight gain during pregnancy that is similar to the average weight of the infant at birth is which of the following?

A) placenta
B) amniotic sac fluid
C) maternal fat stores
D) uterus and supporting muscles

Question 53

What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcalories, for the third trimester of pregnancy?

A) 200 kcal
B) 300 kcal
C) 450 kcal
D) 540 kcal

Question 54

Which of the following amounts (in mg) of iron are typically provided in most prenatal supplements?

A) 10 - 40 mg
B) 20 - 50 mg
C) 30 - 60 mg
D) 40 - 70 mg

Question 55

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of which of the following states?

A) excessive fat deposition
B) excessive fluid retention
C) abnormal fetal development
D) normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester

Question 56

Approximately which of the following measurements (in kg) represents the increase in the mother's fluid volume during pregnancy?

A) 0.5 kg
B) 1.0 kg
C) 1.5 kg
D) 2.0 kg

Question 57

Over the course of the entire pregnancy, approximately how much extra energy, in kcalories, does the average pregnant woman need to consume?

A) 10,500 kcal
B) 26,000 kcal
C) 49,000 kcal
D) 72,000 kcal

Question 58

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time period is evidence of which of the following?

A) edema
B) poor glycemic control
C) insufficient physical activity
D) development of neural tube defects

Question 59

You work with a primary-care physician to help newly pregnant women plan their diets. What vital information is needed to formulate a plan of weight gain?

A) weight and height
B) physical activity level
C) number of previous pregnancies
D) weight gain preference of the mother

Question 60

For the normal-weight woman who becomes pregnant, what is the ideal weekly weight gain from the start of the second trimester and onward?

A) 0.45 kg
B) 0.9 kg
C) 1.4 kg
D) 1.8 kg

Question 61

Examine the following menu for a pregnant woman. According to the recommended food intake for pregnancy, which of the following food groups is the only one that is provided in sufficient amounts by this menu?

A) milk
B) meats
C) vegetables
D) bread/cereal

Question 62

A craving for nonfood substances is known as which of the following terms?

A) pica
B) bulimia
C) toxemia
D) hyperemesis

Question 63

Since repeated pregnancies occurring within short time frames lead to depletion of the mother's nutrient reserves, what is the optimal interval between pregnancies?

A) ½ year
B) 1 year
C) 1½-2 years
D) 3-4 years

Question 64

During the last trimester, how many milligrams of calcium are transferred daily to the fetus?

A) 200 mg
B) 300 mg
C) 400 mg
D) 500 mg

Question 65

Jane is visiting with her doctor during her second trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings. The doctor declared that Jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for which of the following?

A) dirt
B) garlic
C) pickles
D) pepperoni

Question 66

What is the RDA for zinc in pregnant women aged 19 - 50 years?

A) 10 mg
B) 11 mg
C) 12 mg
D) 13 mg

Question 67

Which of the following weights is the standard classification for a very-low-birth-weight infant?

A) 1.5 kg or less
B) 2.0 kg or less
C) 2.5 kg or less
D) 2.9 kg or less

Question 68

Which one of the following is a feature of non-food cravings during pregnancy?

A) They are women of Aboriginal descent.
B) They are often associated with pernicious anemia
C) They commonly include consumption of freezer frost and clay.
D) They are known to lead to premature delivery and to low-birth-weight infants.

Question 69

In pregnant women unable to meet their calcium needs, how many milligrams of a daily calcium supplement are advised?

A) 150 mg
B) 300 mg
C) 600 mg
D) 1000 mg

Question 70

Which of the following statements reflects current knowledge of food choices in pregnancy?

A) A craving for pickles is a strong indicator that the body needs salt.
B) A craving for milk is a strong indicator that the body needs calcium and/or phosphorus.
C) Careful and appropriate selection of foods can meet all nutrient needs for most women.
D) Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by hormones.

Question 71

To help alleviate pregnancy-related nausea, which one of the following actions is recommended?

A) Eat dry toast or dry crackers.
B) Avoid carbonated beverages
C) Avoid orange juice when feeling nauseated.
D) Exercise regularly

Question 72

Which of the following weights is the standard classification for a low-birth-weight infant?

A) 1.6 kg or less
B) 1.8 kg or less
C) 2.5 kg or less
D) 2.9 kg or less

Question 73

The amount of vitamin D recommended in pregnancy should be obtained by consumption of fortified milk and from which of the following sources?

A) low-mercury fish
B) exposure to the sun
C) tropical fruit juices
D) vitamin D supplements

Question 74

During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption?

A) salt and sugar
B) protein and fat
C) calcium and iron
D) thiamin and ascorbic acid

Question 75

Which of these is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave pickles?

A) a change in hormones
B) a hypoglycemic episode
C) a physiologic need for fluid
D) a physiologic need for sodium

Question 76

A risk from malnutrition in women during pregnancy includes which of the following?

A) macrosomia.
B) spontaneous abortion
C) hypertension in the infant
D) post-delivery infertility

Question 77

Infants of vegan parents may suffer from spinal cord damage and develop severe psychomotor retardation as a result of a lack of which nutrient in the mother`s diet during pregnancy?

A) iron
B) calcium
C) vitamin B₁₂
D) folate

Question 78

What is the RDA for vitamin D during pregnancy?

A) 12 ug per day
B) 15 ug per day
C) 18 ug per day
D) 21 ug per day

Question 79

Which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn?

A) Eat many small meals.
B) Drink fluids only with meals.
C) Exercise within 30 minutes after eating.
D) Lie down within 15 minutes after eating.

Question 80

Which of the following is a common problem of pregnancy?

A) dehydration
B) headaches
C) constipation
D) low blood pressure