Deck 3: The Human Body: a Nutrition Perspective

Question 1

Which hormone functions in the regulation of the body's metabolic rate?

A) vitamin D
B) thyroid hormone
C) glucagon
D) insulin

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The ______ system is assisted by the lymphatic system and the physical barriers of the skin and gastrointestinal tract.

A) respiratory
B) skeletal
C) immune
D) nervous

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients, transporting them to the liver?

A) Hepatic portal vein
B) Mesenteric vein
C) Subclavian vein
D) Hepatic vein

Answer 3

A

Question 4

To which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Kidneys

Question 5

After digestion and absorption, which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins?

A) Portal
B) Enterohepatic
C) Lymphatic
D) Mesentery

Question 6

All of the following are features of the epiglottis EXCEPT which one?

A) It covers the opening of the trachea.
B) It prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing.
C) It guides food down the esophagus.
D) It is the first GI tract sphincter.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about the lymphatic system?

A) The specialized fluid carried by this system is blood.
B) This system never intersects with the bloodstream.
C) It is not involved in the transport of nutrients.
D) It is important for transporting fat-soluble nutrients.

Question 8

The stomach empties into the small intestine through the

A) pyloric sphincter.
B) esophageal sphincter.
C) sphincter of Oddi.
D) ileocecal sphincter.

Question 9

The constant turnover of body tissues requires the ______ supplied by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

A) hormones
B) vitamins
C) chemical energy
D) structural components

Question 10

All of the following must be supplied by the diet to support the chemical processes of human physiology EXCEPT

A) vitamins and minerals.
B) carbohydrates.
C) lipids.
D) phytochemicals.

Question 11

Which of the following is stored within the nucleus of the cell and acts as a code book for synthesizing specific proteins?

A) RNA
B) Cells
C) Organs
D) DNA

Question 12

Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?

A) It is composed of a mucus-like substance.
B) It picks up and transports dietary lipids.
C) It serves to transport fat- and water-soluble vitamins to the heart.
D) It funnels nutrients to the liver via a one-way pump.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

A) Helps to regulate water content of the body
B) Contributes to acid-base balance of the blood
C) Excretion of water-soluble vitamins
D) Excretion of fat-soluble vitamins

Question 14

Most chemical digestion takes place in the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) pancreas.
D) large intestine.

Question 15

Transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of ______ in the neuron.

A) sodium and potassium
B) cholesterol
C) calcium and magnesium
D) B vitamins

Question 16

The ___________________________ system is made up of several glands that act in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, and many other functions.

A) cardiovascular
B) urinary
C) lymphatic
D) endocrine

Question 17

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?

A) Epiglottis
B) Tongue
C) Tonsils
D) Esophagus

Question 18

Nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein to the

A) kidneys.
B) heart.
C) liver.
D) pancreas.

Question 19

______ tissue is part of rigid body structures, such as bone and cartilage.

A) Nervous
B) Connective
C) Muscle
D) Epithelial

Question 20

Where does digestion begin?

A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Esophagus
D) Small intestine

Question 21

Peristalsis refers to

A) chewing and swallowing.
B) the opening and closing of sphincters.
C) the action of bile on dietary fat.
D) muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.

Question 22

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

A) Prevents esophageal contents from emptying too quickly into the stomach
B) Prevents stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus
C) Prevents intestinal contents from backing up into the stomach
D) Prevents intestinal contents from emptying too quickly into the colon

Question 23

Where are most digestive enzymes produced?

A) Pancreas and small intestine
B) Liver and large intestine
C) Pancreas and large intestine
D) Liver and pancreas

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a short-term storage site for carbohydrates in the body?

A) brain
B) liver
C) muscle
D) blood

Question 25

The study of how genes determine our nutritional requirements is called

A) nutrigenomics.
B) nutrigenetics.
C) nutritional biochemistry.
D) genetic engineering.

Question 26

Which of the following is a description of chyme?

A) A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines
B) The semisolid mass of undigested food that is swallowed
C) The mixture of pancreatic juices containing enzymes for digestion
D) A thick, viscous material synthesized by mucosal cells for protection against digestive juices

Question 27

The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called

A) regurgitation.
B) peristalsis.
C) propulsion.
D) compression.

Question 28

Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?

A) Breaks apart food particles
B) Controls passage of food through the GI tract
C) Controls peristalsis
D) Releases enzymes and hormones into the GI tract

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a sphincter?

A) Diverticular
B) Esophageal
C) Pyloric
D) Ileocecal

Question 30

The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called

A) epidemiology.
B) molecular biology.
C) nutrigenomics.
D) nutrigenetics.

Question 31

What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine?

A) Pyloric
B) Esophageal
C) Anal
D) Ileocecal

Question 32

What percentage of a meal has been absorbed by the time it leaves the small intestine?

A) 25%
B) 55%
C) 80%
D) 95%

Question 33

What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes?

A) Bicarbonate
B) Mucus
C) Bile
D) Pancreatic juices

Question 34

Which of the following body organs produces bile?

A) Stomach
B) Salivary glands
C) Pancreas
D) Liver

Question 35

Which of the following, upon digestion, is NOT normally absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

A) Minerals
B) Fats
C) Carbohydrates
D) Proteins

Question 36

The ring-like muscles that retard or prevent backflow of partially digested food in the gastrointestinal tract are called

A) sphincters.
B) passages.
C) openings.
D) gates.

Question 37

Which of the following organs serves as a storage depot for many vitamins and minerals?

A) stomach
B) kidney
C) brain
D) liver

Question 38

Which of the following is true about digestive enzymes?

A) One enzyme can speed many types of chemical processes.
B) Enzymes are not sensitive to temperature.
C) Enzymes that work in the acidic environment of the stomach cannot work in the basic or alkaline environment of the small intestine and vice versa.
D) Enzymes typically work independently of vitamins or minerals.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the GI tract?

A) Anus
B) Kidneys
C) Colon
D) Esophagus

Question 40

These protein-based substances enhance digestion by making chemical reactions more likely to happen.

A) Bile
B) Emulsifiers
C) Enzymes
D) Hormones

Question 41

The walls of the small intestine are folded, and within the folds are fingerlike projections called

A) nephrons.
B) cilia.
C) villi.
D) rugae.

Question 42

In passive absorption, nutrients enter the cell

A) with a carrier.
B) with the expenditure of energy.
C) from an area of higher solute concentration to one of lower concentration.
D) from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher concentration.

Question 43

Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the emulsification of fat to facilitate its digestion?

A) Bicarbonate
B) Pancreatic juices
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Bile

Question 44

Most stomach ulcers are cause by ______ infection.

A) Clostridium botulinum
B) Salmonella
C)
D) Helicobacter pylori
E) coli

Question 45

Which of the following therapies is appropriate for treatment of occasional heartburn?

A) Aspirin
B) Antacids
C) Orange juice
D) Milk and cream

Question 46

Partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is called

A) bolus.
B) mass.
C) chyme.
D) bile.

Question 47

The most active area for the absorption of nutrients into the body is the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) liver.

Question 48

Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated?

A) Neutral
B) Both acidic and basic
C) Acidic
D) Basic

Question 49

Which of the following is an important dietary recommendation for avoiding heartburn?

A) Eat smaller meals that are lower in fat.
B) Eat large meals.
C) Eat meals low in carbohydrate.
D) Avoid fluids.

Question 50

Excessive acid production in the stomach or upper small intestine could result in

A) poor iron, calcium, and folate absorption.
B) excessive intestinal bacterial growth.
C) an ulcer.
D) decreased fiber digestion and absorption.

Question 51

Constipation can best be prevented by

A) eating dietary fiber.
B) restricting fluids.
C) restricting physical exercise.
D) using laxatives.

Question 52

Which of the following is true regarding bile?

A) It is an enzyme.
B) It stimulates the release of pancreatic juices.
C) It is produced by the liver.
D) It is a hormone.

Question 53

A function of the large intestine is to absorb

A) fats and proteins.
B) vitamins and minerals.
C) water and minerals.
D) proteins and carbohydrates.

Question 54

A recurrent and serious form of heartburn is called

A) esophageal ulceritis.
B) gastric distress.
C) cardiovascular reflux disease.
D) gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Question 55

Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT

A) sustained absorption.
B) passive absorption.
C) active absorption.
D) facilitated absorption.

Question 56

A(n) _______________ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions.

A) antacid
B) antibiotic
C) NSAID
D) proton pump inhibitor

Question 57

All of the following are characteristics of heartburn EXCEPT which one?

A) It is caused by a backflow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
B) It can damage the esophagus permanently.
C) It subsides when a person relaxes and lies down after a meal.
D) It is a gnawing pain in the upper chest.

Question 58

The villi of the small intestine

A) provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.
B) store fat-soluble vitamins.
C) continuously push food through the small intestine to the colon.
D) inactivate enzymes consumed with food.

Question 59

When food enters the small intestine, a hormone stimulates the release of ______ from the pancreas.

A) bile
B) acid
C) bicarbonate
D) mucus

Question 60

The function of thick mucus in the stomach is to

A) promote fat digestion.
B) activate stomach enzymes.
C) protect stomach cells from acid and enzymes.
D) keep the stomach bacteria-free.

Question 61

When a nutrient moves, with the help of a carrier, from an area of higher solute concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower, this is called

A) passive diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) active absorption.
D) phagocytosis.

Question 62

Match the following with the descriptions below

Question 63

When a nutrient moves freely from an area of higher solute concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower, this is called

A) Passive diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Active absorption
D) Phagocytosis

Question 64

A compound that allows for communication between one cell and the next is a

A) neuron.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) nephron.
D) synapse.

Question 65

The organelles that are known as the "power plants" or the "powerhouses" of the cell are the

A) mitochondria.
B) nuclei.
C) ribosomes.
D) lysosomes.

Question 66

The components of feces include which of the following?

Question 67

Which absorptive process in the small intestine requires a carrier and energy to transport nutrients into absorptive cells?

A) Phagocytosis
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Passive diffusion
D) Active absorption