Question 1

The clinical effects and withdrawal symptoms of amphetamines are similar to those of&#10;A)Heroine&#10;B)Alcohol&#10;C)Cocaine&#10;D)Marijuana

Accepted Answer

Amphetamines and cocaine have similar effects and withdrawal symptoms due to their similar mechanisms of action on the brain's reward pathway and dopamine system. Both drugs increase levels of dopamine in the brain, leading to feelings of euphoria, increased energy, and decreased appetite. Withdrawal symptoms from both drugs can include depression, fatigue, and intense cravings. While heroin and alcohol can also cause withdrawal symptoms, they do so through different mechanisms and do not produce the same effects as amphetamines. Marijuana does not typically produce withdrawal symptoms of the same magnitude as amphetamines or cocaine.

Question 2

The areas of the brain considered to be most involved in the development of substance abuse are the&#10;A)Brainstem and reticular activating system&#10;B)Thalamus and hypothalamus&#10;C)Ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens&#10;D)Cerebellum and olfactory bulb

Accepted Answer

The ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens are both part of the brain's reward pathway and are heavily implicated in substance abuse and addiction. These areas are involved in dopamine release and reward processing, which contribute to the reinforcing effects of drugs such as cocaine and opioids. The other areas listed are also involved in various aspects of brain function, but they are not as strongly associated with substance abuse.

Question 3

It is known that high levels of alcohol consumption&#10;A)Exacerbate psychiatric symptoms&#10;B)Improve circulation&#10;C)Reduce the risk for developing dementia&#10;D)Reduce the risk of suicide among older adults

Accepted Answer

High levels of alcohol consumption can worsen psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and depression. It can also increase the risk of developing alcohol-induced mood and anxiety disorders. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Option B is incorrect since high levels of alcohol consumption can actually damage the circulatory system. Option C is incorrect because studies have shown that alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing dementia. Option D is also incorrect since high levels of alcohol consumption have been linked to an increased risk of suicide.

Question 4

Current treatment approaches for dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorders focuses on&#10;A)Identifying primary disorders and treating them first&#10;B)Treating psychiatric disorders and substance-related disorders separately&#10;C)Treating all co-occurring disorders as primary disorders&#10;D)Treating psychiatric disorders first

Accepted Answer

Current treatment approaches for dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorders emphasize treating all co-occurring disorders as primary. This integrated treatment approach recognizes the interconnection between psychiatric disorders and substance-related disorders, addressing them simultaneously to provide comprehensive care.

Question 5

The area of the brain that is involved in substance abuse is the reward center of the brain,which includes the&#10;A)Brainstem&#10;B)Thalamus&#10;C)Cerebellum&#10;D)Ventral tegmental area

Accepted Answer

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a region in the midbrain that is a key part of the brain's reward system. It is one of the primary regions involved in the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in pleasure and reward. Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and opioids, target and activate the VTA, leading to the release of excessive amounts of dopamine that can produce feelings of euphoria and reinforce drug-seeking behavior.

Question 6

Which of the following medications used to decrease alcohol consumption interferes with the metabolism of alcohol?&#10;A)Naltrexone (ReVia)&#10;B)Disulfiram (Antabuse)&#10;C)Acamprosate (Campral)&#10;D)Extended-release naltrexone injection

Accepted Answer

Disulfiram (Antabuse) interferes with the metabolism of alcohol by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is necessary for the breakdown of acetaldehyde, a toxic substance produced during alcohol metabolism. This results in unpleasant side effects such as flushing, nausea, and headache when alcohol is consumed, which acts as a deterrent to drinking. The other options, Naltrexone (ReVia), Acamprosate (Campral), and Extended-release naltrexone injection do not interfere with the metabolism of alcohol but work by reducing the pleasurable effects of alcohol or decreasing cravings for alcohol.

Question 7

Which of the following brain nuclei is involved with pleasure and addiction?&#10;A)Red nucleus&#10;B)Hypothalamus&#10;C)Substantia nigra&#10;D)Nucleus accumbens

Accepted Answer

The nucleus accumbens is a brain nucleus that is associated with the pleasure and reward circuitry of the brain. It is also involved in addiction and drug-seeking behavior.

Question 8

The common pathway of reinforcement and reward that is believed to be involved in substance-related disorders is the&#10;A)Mesocortical dopamine pathway&#10;B)Mesolimbic dopamine pathway&#10;C)Tuberinfundibular dopamine pathway&#10;D)Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway

Accepted Answer

The mesolimbic dopamine pathway is commonly associated with reward and reinforcement in substance-related disorders. This pathway involves the release of dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, which can lead to feelings of pleasure and reward. Dysfunction of this pathway is believed to contribute to addiction and substance use disorders. The other pathways listed (mesocortical, tuberinfundibular, and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways) are involved in different functions, such as cognition, movement, and hormone regulation.

Question 9

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal&#10;A)Are most severe 8 to 10 hours after last drink&#10;B)Are most severe 24 to 28 hours after last drink&#10;C)Include hallucinations among 50% of individuals&#10;D)Are evidenced as delirium tremens 2 weeks after the last drink

Accepted Answer

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal are most severe 24 to 28 hours after the last drink, peaking during this time frame. This period is critical for monitoring and managing withdrawal symptoms to prevent complications.

Question 10

The action produced by cocaine that can cause symptoms of paranoia and hallucinations similar to symptoms of schizophrenia is related to&#10;A)Increase of dopamine&#10;B)Decrease of dopamine&#10;C)Increase of norepinephrine&#10;D)Decrease of glutamate

Accepted Answer

Cocaine increases the level of dopamine in the brain, which can lead to symptoms of paranoia and hallucinations similar to those seen in individuals with schizophrenia.

Deck 17: Dual Diagnosis