Deck 2: Understanding Human Sexuality: Theory and Research

Question 1

In the late 19th century,most sexuality research was done by:

A)unlicensed sexologists.
B)psychoanalysts.
C)medical doctors.
D)biologists
E)sociologists

Answer 1

C

Question 2

"How one behaves as a man or a woman is controlled primarily by our genes" would most likely be said by which kind of theorist?

A)sociological
B)radical behavioral
C)biological
D)cognitive
E)humanistic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to evolutionary theory,we enter a sexual relationship to:

A)fulfill societal expectations to marry and start a family.
B)exert power over another person.
C)satisfy an unconscious desire to be with someone similar to our opposite-sex parent.
D)pass on our genes.
E)receive physical gratification.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If Freud is correct,sexual urges are least important while a child is in which stage?

A)oral
B)genital
C)phallic
D)latency
E)anal

Question 5

Behavioral theory is to reward as humanistic theory is to:

A)libido.
B)imitation.
C)societal pressure.
D)physical sensations.
E)unconditional positive regard.

Question 6

A man wants to rid himself of sexual fantasies about young boys.A therapist shows the man pictures of boys,and if he responds with an erection,he receives an electric shock.Which theoretical perspective does this approach demonstrate?

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)cognitive
E)social learning

Question 7

The best way to change societal views about sexuality,according to queer theorists,is

A)radically,all at once.
B)through sexuality education.
C)slowly over a period of a couple of decades.
D)to convince political leaders of the power of the nonheterosexual voting bloc.
E)to change society's institutions one at a time.

Question 8

Treating sexual disorders by rewarding desired behaviors would be recommended most often by:

A)psychoanalysts.
B)behaviorists.
C)cognitive psychologists.
D)humanists.
E)social learning theorists.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about Freud's phallic stage?

A)Girls develop penis envy.
B)Boys go through the Oedipus complex.
C)The superego begins to develop.
D)Freud considered it the most important stage.
E)all of the above

Question 10

From which theoretical perspective might a researcher ask,"How does religion affect sexuality?"

A)psychoanalytic
B)social learning
C)sociological
D)humanist
E)evolutionary

Question 11

Which theory emphasizes the structure of personality on the unconscious nature of sexuality?

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)behavioral
D)social learning
E)queer

Question 12

The impacts of economic conditions,the law,and religion on sexual behaviors are stressed most by which theorists?

A)sociological
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)biological
E)queer

Question 13

Which of the following is not a major criticism of Freud's theory by modern psychologists?

A)The unconscious is extremely difficult to study.
B)The theory is unscientific.
C)Freud studied mainly "sick" people.
D)The theory is difficult to test.
E)Freud gathered mainly correlational data.

Question 14

According to sociological theory,__________ is the first factor that influences our values about what is sexually right or wrong.

A)peer pressure
B)religion
C)the family
D)culture
E)reinforcement

Question 15

Feminist theory argues that:

A)the social construction of sexuality is based on power.
B)the women's rights movement has harmed societal perceptions of female sexuality.
C)sex drive is governed more by biology than any other factor.
D)women are no longer seen as subordinate and submissive in our culture.
E)all of these are true are true.

Question 16

In which of Freud's stages does the superego begin to develop?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)latency
E)genital

Question 17

Sexual research in the modern sense began in the 19th century and focused primarily on:

A)the inability of women to achieve orgasm.
B)male sexual response.
C)the development of contraceptive devices.
D)bizarre,dangerous and unhealthy aspects of sex..
E)all of the above

Question 18

Which type of theorist would state that the biggest sexual organ is between the ears?

A)humanistic
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)radical behavioral
E)social learning

Question 19

"Self-actualization" is an important principle to which kind of theorist?

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)humanistic
D)psychoanalytic
E)social learning

Question 20

"Get what you want NOW!" might be the motto of Freud's:

A)thanatos.
B)ego.
C)id.
D)superego.
E)preconscious.

Question 21

If Grandpa is 65,and he and Grandma are still married,chances are that he:

A)gets almost all of his sexual activity through masturbation.
B)and she are sexually active.
C)has very little interest in sexual activity.
D)wants to be sexually active,but Grandma doesn't.
E)and Grandma no longer have sex.

Question 22

Masters and Johnson's research demonstrated convincingly that,regarding sexual intercourse,

A)Freud was right: there are separate vaginal and clitoral orgasms for women.
B)Freud was right: vaginal and clitoral orgasms are identical.
C)Freud was right: there are only vaginal orgasms for women.
D)Freud was wrong: there are separate vaginal and clitoral orgasms for women.
E)Freud was wrong: there are only clitoral orgasms for women.

Question 23

The best way to describe the present-day field of sexuality research would be that it is

A)a mature science.
B)focused primarily on "fringe" topics like sexual variance.
C)almost exclusively populated by medical professionals.
D)hindered by unsophisticated methodology and instrumentation.
E)in its early stages.

Question 24

Which of the following was a finding from Masters and Johnson's research?

A)Sexual desire diminishes significantly in old age.
B)Women are capable of multiple orgasms.
C)Vaginal orgasms are more intense than clitoral orgasms.
D)There are five distinct stages in the human sexual response cycle.
E)all of the above

Question 25

A university student spent hours answering the hundreds of questions asked by an interviewer.The questions were easy to understand,and the student was assured all responses would remain confidential.The student might have been a participant in a study done by which of the following researchers?

A)William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B)Havelock Ellis
C)Alfred Kinsey
D)Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
E)Katharine Bement Davis

Question 26

Compared to Kinsey's work several decades earlier,the National Health and Social Life Survey of the early 1990s:

A)relied almost exclusively on federal funding.
B)used written questionnaires instead of oral interviews.
C)used better sampling techniques.
D)restricted their sample to a smaller geographic region.
E)is regarded as less scientifically accurate.

Question 27

The early 20^th century sexologist who found that most of the U.S.women surveyed thought sexual intercourse was for pleasure as well as reproduction (although the women often reported guilt about wanting sexual pleasure)was:

A)Magnus Hirschfield.
B)Alfred Kinsey.
C)Havelock Ellis.
D)Clelia Mosher.
E)Katharine Bement Davis.

Question 28

Which of the following researchers believed that homosexuality was genetic,and argued for the repeal of laws that made homosexuality or bisexuality punishable by law?

A)Magnus Hirschfeld
B)Richard von Kraft-Ebing
C)Clelia Mosher
D)Virginia Masters
E)Havelock Ellis

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE about Evelyn Hooker's research?

A)She found no fundamental psychological differences between gay and straight men.
B)There was an unusually high rate of attrition among lesbian subjects in her study.
C)Hooker's research confirmed that homosexuality was a mental illness.
D)She found that sexual response was identical in both homosexual and heterosexual subjects.
E)She did the first comprehensive study of bisexuality in women.

Question 30

Which of the following is a major limitation of the case study?

A)The results cannot be generalized to a larger group of people.
B)It is impossible to get informed consent from the subjects.
C)Anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
D)They are very expensive.
E)none of the above

Question 31

A sexologist teaching at a university offers students the option of writing a term paper or participating in a sexuality survey; about half of the students opt to participate in a survey.Later,colleagues of the sexologist criticize the survey because of:

A)overgeneralizability.
B)volunteer bias.
C)100% sampling.
D)interviewer bias.
E)atheoretical motivation.

Question 32

Morton Hunt's data-gathering for his book titled Sexual behavior in the 1970s was flawed because:

A)the study was done using subjects from a very small geographic area.
B)over half of the subjects found the apparatus on their sexual organs to be uncomfortable.
C)he coerced people into participating.
D)he included only those with listed phone numbers.
E)he slanted his results to favor the government agency funding his research.

Question 33

According to your text,the most influential sex researcher of the 20th century was:

A)Havelock Ellis.
B)Clelia Mosher.
C)Alfred Kinsey.
D)William Masters.
E)Virginia Johnson.

Question 34

In research conducted by __________,volunteers engaged in sexual activity while some of their physiological responses were measured with devices such as penile strain gauges and photoplethysmographs.

A)William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B)Havelock Ellis
C)Alfred Kinsey
D)Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
E)Katharine Bement Davis

Question 35

Of the following early sexuality researchers,the one most likely to label homosexual behavior as "pathological" (as this person did in the book Psychopathia Sexualis)is:

A)Magnus Hirschfield.
B)Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
C)Havelock Ellis.
D)Clelia Mosher.
E)Katharine Bement Davis.

Question 36

Which of these contributed to less acceptance of the double standard of sexuality?

A)the work of Alfred Kinsey
B)the development of birth control pills
C)the changing roles of women
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 37

"Women have sexual appetites just like men do--and they don't necessarily need men to satisfy those appetites." Who of the following would agree most strongly with this statement?

A)Magnus Hirschfield
B)Richard von Krafft-Ebing
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Clelia Mosher
E)Katharine Bement Davis

Question 38

Most of the data Kinsey used for his books Sexual Behavior in the Human Male,and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female,he obtained from

A)laboratory observations.
B)interviews.
C)surveys.
D)field observations.
E)detailed case studies.

Question 39

In 1993 a study on sexual behavior in the U.S.by the Drs.Janus reported all of the following except:

A)older Americans were experiencing heightened levels of sexual activity.
B)Midwesterners reported the lowest regional level of sexual activity.
C)most married people said their sex lives improved after they got married.
D)ultraliberals were more likely to have extramarital affairs than ultraconservatives.
E)couples who were married reported the highest level of sexual activity and satisfaction.

Question 40

Freud is to case study as Masters and Johnson are to:

A)questionnaire.
B)direct observation.
C)correlational study.
D)interview.
E)lab experiment.

Question 41

Which of the following conducted a global study of sexuality?

A)Bell and Weinberg
B)Masters and Johnson
C)Samuel and Cynthia Janus
D)Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
E)all of the above

Question 42

Overall,the U.S.approach to sex research is best characterized as:

A)"theory-driven" and underfunded.
B)"problem-driven" and underfunded.
C)"theory-driven" and adequately funded.
D)"problem-driven" and adequately funded.
E)neither theory- nor problem-driven and adequately funded.

Question 43

Masters and Johnson conducted the first comprehensive study of homosexuality by interviewing over 700 homosexual participants.

Question 44

One distinct disadvantage of correlational research is that it:

A)the results cannot be generalized to a larger group of people..
B)it can be difficult to get informed consent.
C)provides no information about causation.
D)is very time-consuming,compared to case studies.
E)all of these are disadvantages of correlational research.

Question 45

In an experiment,the variable which the experimenter manipulates is called the:

A)independent variable.
B)intervening variable.
C)distracter variable.
D)dependent variable.
E)confounding variable.

Question 46

Cross-cultural research has shown that,in most cultures studied,

A)those with a written language have the lowest rates of masturbation.
B)sexual intercourse occurs most often when couples awaken in the morning.
C)foreplay precedes sexual intercourse.
D)the percent of females experiencing regular orgasms is fairly constant.
E)women usually initiate foreplay.

Question 47

The research methodology of direct observation faces challenges because it is expensive and it is difficult to find willing subjects.

Question 48

Of the following options,the one which has been most supportive of sexuality research over the past several years is:

A)the U.S.Congress.
B)the Traditional Values Coalition.
C)those who view lifelong monogamous relationships as critically important.
D)the Coalition to Protect Research.
E)the Safe Sex Political Action Committee.

Question 49

Early sexuality research from the 19^th century concentrated on the healthy and fun aspects of sexuality.

Question 50

Which of the following is TRUE about Internet-based sexuality research?

A)Researchers can be fairly certain that subjects are being truthful,because of the anonymity.
B)Since so many people now use the Internet,you can get a very representative sample of Americans.
C)In Internet studies of sexuality,informed consent is not necessary.
D)Researchers should be concerned that minors can get access to the survey.
E)all of the above are true.

Question 51

A researcher who wishes to study sexual behavior of adults in the U.S.uses a college-level human sexuality class to get research participants.The researcher is:

A)showing volunteer bias.
B)showing interviewer bias.
C)following informed consent guidelines.
D)using a sample of convenience.
E)violating confidentiality guidelines.

Question 52

A researcher doing in-depth interviews often asks the same questions in different ways during the interview,to assure that the interviewees are giving accurate,honest information.By doing this,the researcher is:

A)using random sampling.
B)reducing volunteer bias.
C)increasing validity.
D)increasing reliability.
E)reducing questions about causation.

Question 53

The NHSLS study found that single people reported the highest level of sexual activity and satisfaction.

Question 54

According to Freud,in the phallic stage,girls develop penis envy.

Question 55

Kinsey found that the majority of heterosexual couples in his study only had sex in the missionary position.

Question 56

Masters and Johnson gathered sexuality data primarily through questionnaires.

Question 57

Sigmund Freud believed that our basic personality is formed by events that happen to us in the first six years of life.

Question 58

Sexuality research has become fragmented over the last few decades.

Question 59

Queer theory supports slow,steady social change.

Question 60

Which person below is MOST likely to be willing to participate in a research study of sexuality?

A)Jose,who is sexually experienced,but somewhat sexually conservative
B)Anna,who is sexually experienced and sexually liberal
C)Isaac,who has limited sexual experienced,but liberal attitudes towards sex
D)Joshua,who is sexually experienced and sexually liberal
E)Melissa,who has only had oral sex,but is sexually liberal

Question 61

Conservative politicians have repeatedly been successful in eliminating funding for sexuality research.

Question 62

The National Health and Social Life Study found published in the 1990s reported that Americans were more sexually liberal than previously thought.

Question 63

The most effective form of communication takes place acoustically,when people talk and listen to each other.

Question 64

The main limitation of a correlational study is that it doesn't provide any information about cause.

Question 65

Women are better than men at decoding nonverbal communication.