Deck 7: Sex, Gender, and Sexualities: Deconstructing Dualisms

Question 1

Only teachers are responsible for encouraging boys to problem solve more than girls.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Engels contended that female subordination in families would end if women entered paid employment.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Arlie Hochschild conceptualized the notion of the "second shift" as a means for under-employed women to be able to earn more pay to help support their families.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Bisexuality is a sign that sexual dualism is shifting to a greater recognition of the spectrum of sexuality.

Question 5

Men and women now spend roughly equal amounts of time on the combination of paid and unpaid labour; men spend more time proportionately on paid labour while women spend more time in unpaid domestic labour.

Question 6

Your gender is dependent on what genitalia and hormones you are born with.

Question 7

According to sociologists, biological processes are more important than social ones in defining what males and females are.

Question 8

The boundaries of gendered norms are somewhat more fluid for men than for women.

Question 9

The pay gap between men and women should continue to shrink, largely because of increases in women's wages.

Question 10

According to the text, women can be aggressive, but this does not negate the natural distinction of aggressive male and passive female characteristics.

Question 11

Sociologists use the terms "sex" and "gender" interchangeably.

Question 12

Sex is always clear cut.

Question 13

Engineers are more likely to be male because, as boys, men are taught to be independent and aggressive.

Question 14

The pay gap between men and women is the clearest example of gendered economic experiences.

Question 15

Talcott Parsons is best known for tracing gender inequality to capitalist economic systems.

Question 16

In Canada today, pay equity exists for most occupations.

Question 17

Marilyn worked as a law enforcement officer in a western detachment in a Canadian province. She informed her superior office that she was pregnant and that she wanted to begin her maternity leave two weeks prior to her due date. Her superior office was outraged and demanded she have an abortion so that she would remain a "useful" member of the force.

Question 18

Advertising now discourages women from focusing exclusively on physical attractiveness by depicting women in highly competent roles.

Question 19

Interactionist theory focuses on how society comes to understand how the genders understand each other and how to develop culturally and normative gendered identities.

Question 20

The concepts and theories we use to define and describe sex, gender, and sexualities have remained stable and consistent since sociologists have developed feminist and postmodern theories.

Question 21

According to Sadker and Sadker, in their classroom study, what type of response was most commonly given to a boy?

A)praise
B)remediation
C) criticism
D) acceptance

Question 22

Boys are encouraged to learn more problem-solving skills than girls.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Question 23

Since having children, Kristina works part time and looks after the children while Ralph focuses on his career. How would a conflict perspective understand Kristina's situation?

A)Kristina is "doing gender" with each task and in every aspect of her daily interactions as a mother.
B)Ralph's unwillingness to take any responsibility for domestic work reinforces male dominance.
C) Kristina is exploited at home by patriarchy.
D) Kristina would be far better off if she hired a housekeeper.

Question 24

Bobby was always being called out in class to answer questions, which taught him to be assertive and independent. Julie was never called on so she learned passivity and to remain silent. According to the text, what is the label given to this portion of the learning curriculum?

A)secret
B)gendered
C) hidden
D) skill

Question 25

Which of the following is a claim of liberal feminism?

A)Gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
B)Male domination causes all forms of human oppression, including racism and classism.
C) Women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers.
D) Women of colour experience a different world than other people because of oppression based on race, ethnicity, gender, and class.

Question 26

As industrialization cemented the division of labour in society, men found work outside the home. According to the text, what label is used to describe where the women continued to work?

A)in the home
B)in the private sphere
C) in the domestic arena
D) in the family quarter

Question 27

According to McMullin, what is the most important factor when studying the learning opportunities for boys and girls?

A)gender
B)race
C) parents' education level
D) socioeconomic status

Question 28

According to the text, what do sexual scripts tell us?

A)how to be a matchmaker
B)when females ovulate
C) people's sexual orientation
D) how to behave sexually

Question 29

After work Allyson picks up her son Duke from daycare, goes home, prepares dinner, eats with her husband, then begins Duke's evening bedtime ritual, followed by laundry, and kitchen cleanup. What term do sociologists use to refer to Allyson's at-home activities once she returns from work?

A)the second shift
B)overtime
C) the stalled revolution
D) dual tasks

Question 30

Erving Goffman explored the reproduction of gender differentiation through which of the following?

A)gender displays
B)gendered codes
C) gender laws
D) gendered play

Question 31

Males should be strong, dominant, independent, and invulnerable. What is this statement an example of?

A)sexual identity typing
B)gender identity discourses
C) elite gender discourses
D) sex typing identity

Question 32

According to the text, what is the term used to describe a person whose physical sex characteristics fall outside the boundaries of the dualism of male/female?

A)complex-sexed
B)spectrum-sexed
C) polysexed
D) intersexed

Question 33

Vince and Twyla both worked at a non-unionized manufacturing plant. They started their jobs at the same time and did comparable jobs on the same shift. However, Vince made approximately $65,000 per year while Twyla earned roughly $47,000. According to the text, what might be the explanation for this difference in pay?

A)It is sometimes still assumed that women's work is "peripheral" to family life.
B)Women are not paid at the same rate as men due to more sick days and anticipated maternity leaves.
C) Due to physical differences in physical strength and work capacity, males produce more marketable product than their female coworkers.
D) Women don't aspire to supervisory or management positions and don't take advantage of training opportunities that would give them a greater rate of pay.

Question 34

The media construct gender stereotypes through a depiction of more males in dominant roles, and by portraying women as powerless.

Question 35

According to Statistics Canada, who is more likely to graduate from university?

A)male students
B)female students
C) private-school male graduates
D) gender is not relevant

Question 36

Which theory group states that a gender "identity" is not possible?

A)liberal feminism
B)interactionist theory
C) functionalism
D) postmodernism

Question 37

Diana wanted to ensure she was living up to her responsibilities as a homemaker. She read magazines and books, watched television shows, and talked with other women to learn as much as she could about her responsibilities in the home. According to the text, what term have sociologists given to the way women have historically become driven to be the best homemaker they can be?

A)"good wife" guidance
B)motherhood mentality
C) the cult of domesticity
D) homemaker obsession

Question 38

Since 2005 members of the same sex have had the legal right to marry. However, social change is a slow process and some sectors of Canadian society continue to either actively resist or subtly undermine this legal right. According to the text, what view do those who resist this change hold?

A)heteronormative
B)heterosexism
C) biological determinism
D) heteronormalacy

Question 39

Research shows that, from the moment of birth, infant boys and girls are treated in the same ways by their parents.

Question 40

Which feminist perspective criticizes mainstream feminism for ignoring some women's experiences?

A)liberal
B)socialist
C) racial
D) radical

Question 41

According to the text, adults observing "a boy" described his reaction to a strange toy as "pleasure" or "excitement"; those told they were observing "a girl" described her reaction as "fearful." What sociological phenomenon is illustrated by this difference?

A)gendered activity
B)gendered perceptions
C) female submission
D) male independence

Question 42

According to the text, which of the following was NOT part of the patriarchal tendencies found in the Canadian Census?

A)use of the term "head" of household
B)tracing ethnic ancestry solely through the father
C) identifying citizenship based on husband's nationality
D) children listed only on their father's form

Question 43

When Chris was born, the doctors were unable to confirm whether the child was male or female. According to the text, what term would appropriately label the child?

A)unassigned
B)unlabelled
C) ambiguous
D) intersexed

Question 44

Ana wanted to go to medical school to be a doctor, but she decided to go into nursing instead because it's more common for women to be nurses. According to the text, Ana's career choice is an example of what reality in today's workforce?

A)Career choices are influenced by mothering.
B)There are gender-segregated occupations.
C) Men are better suited for some professions.
D) Women excel in careers that use their nurturing qualities.

Question 45

Which theory argues that earlier theory relegated lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered women; women of colour; working-class and poor women; and women of the developing world to the margins?

A)postmodernism
B)liberal feminism
C) third-wave feminism
D) interactionist theory

Question 46

What term do sociologists use to describe the disparity between earnings for men and women?

A)the work gap
B)the labour gap
C) the wage gap
D) wage disparity

Question 47

According to the text, why do teachers tend to interact more with boys than girls?

A)to prepare them for their role in society
B)to ensure they learn gendered expectations
C) to maintain order
D) to draw attention away from girls

Question 48

According to the text, what does the broader acceptance of bisexuality indicate about our society?

A)a greater recognition of sexual freedom
B)a greater recognition of the spectrum of sexuality
C) a greater recognition of sexual options
D) a greater recognition of cultural differences

Question 49

According to the text, who are the transgendered?

A)those who want to change their gender
B)those stuck in the "gender identity gate"
C) those who call themselves bisexual
D) those who have hormonal imbalances

Question 50

Abdul was teased by his male friends when he accepted a job as an administrative assistant for a female lawyer, but Jade took a similar job and she was not teased. According to the text, why was Abdul teased so much for taking the job?

A)Because men should not take low-paying work.
B)Because he had a higher education than Jade.
C) Because he took a woman's job.
D) Because gendered norms are more rigid for men.

Question 51

Mary puts on some lingerie at 2 p.m. and goes to find her husband downstairs watching television. Without saying a word, he turns off the television, kisses her, and they go to the bedroom. Which term is used by sociologist to explain their actions?

A)sexual roles
B)sexual mores
C) sexual scripts
D) sexual norms

Question 52

Which feminist perspective questions the very notion of gender?

A)postmodern
B)socialist
C) liberal
D) radical

Question 53

Which phrase is represented by the acronym DSD?

A)disorder of sexual development
B)discourse of sexual development
C) displaced sexual drive
D) disorganized sexual determination

Question 54

According to the text, which term applies to the biological differences between females and males?

A)sex
B)sexuality
C) gender
D) genetics

Question 55

Frances was born female, but has always thought of herself as a male. She started to dress as a male, cut her hair, and insisted on being called Frank. Which sociological term is used to identify Frank?

A)transsexual
B)mixed gendered
C) transgendered
D) cross-gendered

Question 56

How do women's hourly wages today compare to that of men's?

A)Women earn 95 cents for every dollar men earn.
B)Women earn 84 cents for every dollar men earn.
C) Women earn 67 cents for every dollar men earn.
D) Women earn 70 cents for every dollar men earn.

Question 57

According to the text, what influences or shapes sexual behaviour?

A)It is shaped equally by nature and biology.
B)It is shaped mostly by nature and biology.
C) It is shaped primarily within marriage.
D) It is shaped largely by social influences.

Question 58

John's appearance mirrors the stereotype of female beauty (e.g., makeup, well-groomed hair etc.), and he acts in culturally feminine ways, including wearing dresses. What term best describes John?

A)bi-gender
B)gender neutral
C) gender deviant
D) transgender

Question 59

In a sociology class, a study group was given the task of listing advantages that accrued to be being born either a girl or a boy. While it was relatively easy to answer the question relative to being born a boy, it was harder to find benefits to being born a girl. Identify one of the advantages of being born a girl as noted in the text.

A)birthing children
B)maternity leave
C) talking on the phone
D) a wider selection of fashions

Question 60

Margo and Martin are twins who have both enrolled in university. Standardized mathematics tests revealed that Margo consistently performed better than Martin. However, when choosing their majors, Martin chose engineering while Margo chose to pursue a degree in History. The twins made their decisions in response to stereotypes that family and teachers upheld about the intellectual differences between males and females. According to your text, what kind of stereotype is reflected in the twins' choices?

A)explicit stereotypes
B)gender-specific stereotypes
C) implicit stereotypes
D) intellectual reductionist stereotypes

Question 61

According to the text, which of the following was NOT perceived by university students to be a disadvantage of being male?

A)the pressure to earn a lot of money
B)the need to be "tough" all the time
C) the way males are treated by others
D) the expectation that males will ask girls out on a date

Question 62

How do parents affect stereotypical gender-role development of children?

A)They pass on their own beliefs about gender.
B)They act toward children on the basis of a child's age.
C) They apply similar expectations and standards for male and female children.
D) They challenge societal gender expectations in their modelling.

Question 63

According to the text, who learns more about problem solving in the classroom?

A)girls
B)boys
C) students who excel, regardless of gender
D) teachers' favourites, regardless of gender

Question 64

A group of workers organizes to challenge the lack of childcare options in the workplace. What form of feminism does this represent?

A)lesbian
B)socialist
C) radical
D) liberal

Question 65

In a study by Sadker and Sadker, what did most boys immediately say was a "good thing" about being a girl?

A)being treated kindly
B)receiving more attention
C) getting better grades
D) nothing

Question 66

According to the text, where is the cultural expectation of women's role as homemaker most visible in today's society?

A)in that many women are mothers and employees
B)in that women continue to bear the heavy burden of caring for children and meeting demands of the workplace
C) in the introduction of the ideology of the male breadwinner
D) in the increase of technology available to ease the burden of domestic labour

Question 67

According to the text, what are sexual scripts?

A)innate genetic codes that determine one's sexual preference
B)prescriptions for drugs that enhance male sexual performance
C) a set of cultural norms that tell us how to behave sexually
D) diaries and other written accounts of people's sexual behaviour

Question 68

Christine was asked to be a flower girl for her aunt's wedding at the age of four. Despite her tendencies to jump and yell when she gets excited, she was quiet and reserved that afternoon because her mother had instructed her to "act like a little lady." According to the text, what is this an example of?

A)an institutionalized gender role
B)an elite discourse about gender
C) a secondary discourse
D) institutional discourse

Question 69

Max has just graduated from the College of Nursing and is about to begin his career as registered nurse. His family has never understood his career choice. His brothers and male cousins mock him and tease that he will have to wear a dress and pantyhose to be a "real" nurse. According to the text, Max is NOT fulfilling what type of socially constructed gender expectation?

A)traditional masculinity
B)conscious femininity
C) traditional femininity
D) oppositional masculinity

Question 70

According to the text, what label is used when "traditional" masculine traits are taken to the extreme?

A)hypermasculinity
B)extreme sexuality
C) loss of gender guidance
D) social perceptions

Question 71

If you were a conflict theorist, with which claim would you agree?

A)Gender stratification results from public ownership of the means of production.
B)Some women gain control over property and the distribution of goods.
C) Marriage reinforces male dominance.
D) Men's ability to use physical power to control women increases in industrial societies.

Question 72

Since returning to work, Batool has been unable to find a full-time daycare for her children so she works only part time as a librarian. Her husband is a medical doctor and has no direct responsibility for raising the children. A scholar approaching gender stratification from an ethnic feminist perspective would attempt to analyze which of the following?

A)How alternative institutions, such as a daycare centre at her workplace, would better meet Batool's needs.
B)How Batool's rights as a citizen are denied by lack of access to quality childcare options.
C) How Batool's race, class, and gender influence her experience of family and work.
D) How Batool is being exploited at home and at work.

Question 73

Yasmin and Martin's first child was born with what physicians called "ambiguous external genitalia." There was much pressure from the doctors and the hospital's "gender identity team" for the new parents to accept the label and to have their child "fixed" even though the baby did not display any physical health problems. What sociological concept reflects this scenario?

A)an elite discourse from the medical community
B)an elite biological reality
C) a socially constructed expectation of normative sexuality
D) the medical discourse of biological determinism

Question 74

From a functionalist perspective, the division of labour into instrumental tasks and expressive tasks is based on which of the following assumptions?

A)Men and women are socialized differently.
B)A traditional division of labour is natural.
C) Men can provide expressive tasks.
D) Women are best at instrumental tasks.

Question 75

Which trend does recent sociological research (2006) on parental interaction identify in the treatment of daughters when compared with the treatment of sons?

A)more independence
B)more interaction
C) less "rescuing"
D) less coddling

Question 76

Although Jason was born a male, he has always thought of himself as a woman trapped in a man's body. What would sociologists describe Jason as struggling over?

A)his sexual role
B)his gender role
C) his sexual identity
D) his gender identity

Question 77

The acronym DSD is used in place of which description of a person's sexual characteristics?

A)intrasexuality
B)discourse of sexual development
C) intersexed
D) displaced sexual drive

Question 78

Even with dramatic changes in women's workforce participation, which of the following remains essentially unchanged in the family?

A)sexual division of labour
B)division of earnings
C) earnings
D) degree of specialization

Question 79

According to the text, many girls found good things to say about the possibility of being male, while almost all of the boys saw nothing but bad things about the possibility of being female. According to the text, what does this study indicate?

A)Being female is less valued.
B)Being male is less valued.
C) Being male and being female are equally valued.
D) Being male or female is becoming less relevant in today's world.

Question 80

Jason, my 4-year-old son, likes to play with a doll I gave him, tucking her in each night and having tea with her every morning. My husband keeps giving him trucks to distract him from the doll, but Jason doesn't seem interested in the vehicles. What is my husband trying to do?

A)encourage gender-specific behaviours
B)encourage social behaviours
C) encourage constructive behaviours
D) encourage natural behaviours