Deck 13: An Introduction to Genetic Technology

Question 1

Adult cells cannot be used as the source of nuclei for cloning animals.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

During the denaturation step of PCR,____ bonds are broken when DNA is heated.

A) hydrogen
B) double-stranded
C) ionic
D) metallic
E) covalent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During the process of gel electrophoresis,the DNA fragments migrate due to the effects of ____.

A) gravity
B) vibrations
C) electrical charge
D) magnetic attraction
E) centrifugal force

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Edwin Southern and his colleagues started the field of genomics.

Question 5

Plasmids are short sequences of DNA used as primers in PCR.

Question 6

The human genome contains approximately 40,000 genes.

Question 7

Growth hormones given to dairy cows would still be necessary to stimulate milk production in a cloned animal.

Question 8

To interpret microarray data,it is necessary to understand the significance of the color of each dot within the array.

Question 9

A restriction enzyme is a ____.

A) viral enzyme that randomly cuts DNA
B) DNA ligase enhancer
C) bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites
D) single-stranded RNA molecule
E) bacterial enzyme that functions in DNA replication

Question 10

Nuclear transfer is a preferred method of cloning over embryo splitting because it ____.

A) is less technical
B) is more natural
C) results in a larger number of cloned offspring
D) produces both male and female offspring from the same clone
E) uses haploid nuclei

Question 11

The basic method of DNA sequencing is the Sanger method.

Question 12

Vectors can transfer ____.

A) DNA sequences into bacterial host cells for cloning
B) DNA sequences into viral host cells for cloning
C) cloned viral cells into a bacterial host for cloning
D) cloned mitochondria from donor cell to host cell
E) cloned chromosomes from the nucleus of a cell into its cytoplasm

Question 13

Repeating the sequence of the polymerase chain reaction doubles the number of DNA fragments each time.

Question 14

An advantage of YACs over other vectors in cloning human genes is that they ____.

A) are taken up more readily by recipient cells
B) have a higher capacity for carrying long DNA fragments
C) are less likely to trigger cell rejection
D) resemble a human chromosome more closely than do other vectors
E) carry long regions of human-like DNA

Question 15

To clone an animal by embryo splitting,____.

A) there must be two host animals and two fertilized eggs
B) a fertilized egg is collected from a donor mother and implanted into a host animal
C) an egg is fertilized by in vivo fertilization and remains in the host animal to mature
D) an embryo must be in a blastocyst stage in the host animals while the splitting takes place
E) an unfertilized egg is collected from a donor mother and then fertilized in a dish by in vitro fertilization

Question 16

The discovery that some bacteria ____ using enzymes that cut the viral DNA into pieces was one of the first steps in the development of recombinant DNA technology.

A) exchange fused plasmid DNA
B) restrict important nutrients from leaving the bacterial cell
C) resist viral infection
D) cut up and recycle mRNA transcripts
E) attach amino acids to tRNA molecules

Question 17

A DNA microarray is ____.

A) used for gel electrophoresis
B) used identifying fragments of genes using a labeled probe
C) linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules
D) a series of long mRNA sequences placed on a solid support and has several uses
E) a series of short nucleotide sequences placed on a solid support and has several uses

Question 18

During gel electrophoresis,DNA fragments are separated by size.

Question 19

A collection of clones containing all the DNA sequences carried by an individual is called a genomic library.

Question 20

In recombinant DNA techniques,the gaps in the paired DNA fragments are closed by ____.

A) restriction enzymes
B) DNA ligase
C) DNA polymerase
D) DNA replicase
E) reverse transcriptase

Question 21

A human ____________________ can be carried in just over 3,000 YACs.

Question 22

Probes can come from a variety of sources,such as ____________________.

A) single-stranded RNA templates
B) histones from other species
C) artificially engineered gene sequences
D) related genes from other species
E) unrelated genes from other species

Question 23

During the Southern blot technique,the cut DNA in the gel is ____________________ to single strands to enable a labeled probe to bind to complementary sequences of interest in the fragments.

Question 24

DNA cloning techniques have made it possible to locate ____________________,map them,isolate them,sequence them,and transfer them between species.

Question 25

The ability to isolate and produce many copies of specific ____________________ molecules had a great impact on many areas of genetic research.

Question 26

During DNA sequencing,a laser beam scans the fragments on the electrophoresis gel to identify the ____________________.

A) gene sequence by the color it fluoresces
B) end nucleotide by the color it fluoresces
C) useful DNA strands that will be analyzed further
D) gene products that have been fixed by the gel
E) gene products that have been sorted by the addition of a probe

Question 27

Southern blot is a method for ____.

A) amplifying DNA segments using cycles of denaturation, annealing to primers, and DNA polymerase-directed DNA synthesis
B) transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane filter and used in hybridization experiments
C) determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
D) producing several clones from a single cell by placing the cell in a Petri dish and allowing it to go through several divisions
E) detecting mutant genes or differences in the pattern of gene expression

Question 28

During PCR,____________________ serve as a starting point for the synthesis of the new DNA strand.

Question 29

After a restriction enzyme cuts DNA into fragments and the fragments pair with complementary bases,the enzyme ____________________ is used to seal the gaps in the phosphate backbone.

Question 30

PCR uses two components: ____________________ that serve as templates and primers that bind to regions on either side of the template to be copied.

A) yeast artificial chromosomes
B) tRNA that has been cut by restriction enzymes
C) mRNA that has been cut by restriction enzymes
D) double strands of DNA
E) single strands of DNA

Question 31

A series of techniques in which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules,which are then replicated in a host cell,is called ____________________.

Question 32

A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)is a ____ that can accommodate large DNA inserts and uses the eukaryote yeast as a host cell.

A) restriction enzyme produced from yeast chromosomes
B) labeled nucleic acid used to identify a clone within a genome and
C) q arm of chromosome 15 within a cell that encodes for a restriction enzyme and
D) cloning vector that has telomeres and a centromere
E) cloning vector that has 23 chromosomes

Question 33

Most often,genomic library screening uses ____.

A) a labeled, complementary single-stranded RNA or DNA molecule called a probe
B) colonies of vector bacteria on a Petri dish in order to replicate the desired genome
C) recombinant plasmids containing DNA and DNA ligase
D) cut plasmids containing recognition sites used to carry DNA molecules
E) tRNA polymerase copies with a truncated copy of a DNA template

Question 34

Detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),fusion genes,and mRNAs for alternative splicing are three applications of ____________________.

Question 35

Plant and animal food sources have been improved by ____________________ for thousands of years.

Question 36

During in vitro fertilization,the fertilized egg ____.

A) is enucleated and fused with a donor egg
B) develops in a Petri dish to form an embryo containing 64 to 128 cells
C) develops in a Petri dish to form an embryo containing four to eight cells
D) develops in the host animal and eventually results in a clone born to the host
E) undergoes a second fertilization with a donor animal's sperm

Question 37

The DNA sequencing reaction uses the enzyme DNA polymerase,a primer,and ____________________.

A) a restriction enzyme
B) a self-replicating vector
C) a plasmid RNA
D) the four deoxynucleotides found in DNA
E) the four ribonucleotides found in RNA

Question 38

In a typical application,a DNA microarray is used to compare the ____________________.

A) expression of genes in two different tissues
B) alleles of each chromosome
C) length of DNA fragments in yeast vectors
D) changes in gene sequences within an allele through generations of a single family
E) protein products produced when using different DNA sequencing techniques

Question 39

A technique called the ____________________ has revolutionized molecular biology because it is not as labor intensive or time consuming as DNA cloning techniques.

Question 40

In June 2001 an announcement was made that a draft sequence of the ____________________ nucleotides in the human genome had been finished.

A) 350 million
B) 990 million
C) 1.1 billion
D) 3.2 billion
E) 56 billion

Question 41

Although artificial selection may seem slow and unreliable,____________________ observed that after only a few generations,breeders produced many varieties of pigeons and minks.

Question 42

Describe the steps in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Question 43

To make a typical Southern blot,genomic DNA is extracted and cut into fragments and the fragments are separated by ____________________.

Question 44

During PCR,____________________ takes place when primers for DNA replication bind to complementary regions on the single-stranded DNA fragments.

Question 45

Genes isolated from mice or rats can often be used as ____________________ to identify and isolate the human version of the same gene.

Question 46

Instead of a(n)____________________ group to link nucleotides together,the modified nucleotides used during automated DNA sequencing have only an -H.

Question 47

A collection of clones containing all the DNA sequences carried by an individual is called a(n)____________________.

Question 48

Discuss the benefits of making genome sequencing techniques a routine part of medical care.

Question 49

Explain the role of probes in the search for a specific human gene within a genome library.

Question 50

The polymerase chain reaction allows DNA to be copied in a test tube without using a ____________________ or a host cell.

Question 51

Describe a benefit of cloning plants and animals.

Question 52

Summarize the major advantage of using YACs to carry genome libraries.

Question 53

Describe the process of 'reading' a microarray in order to compare the expression of genes in two different tissues--one that is normal and one that represents a disease such as cancer.

Question 54

As the first steps in creating recombinant DNA molecules were taking place,scientists immediately realized that modifying the genetic information in ____________________,a bacterium from the human gut,could be potentially dangerous.

Question 55

The heart of a microarray is a small piece of ____________________ on which single-stranded fragments of DNA are attached at a spot called a field.

Question 56

In the mid-1970s a group of scientists asked the National Academy of Sciences to appoint a panel to assess the risks of recombinant DNA technology and the need to control its associated research.Summarize the most important lesson learned from this event.

Question 57

Consumer fears and uncertainty about the safety of cloned milk and meat have prevented these products from being sold in stores even though the ____________________ has ruled that such food is safe.

Question 58

List some of the applications of DNA sequencing.

Question 59

Explain why identical twins are clones.

Question 60

Summarize the three requirements for cloning once a source of DNA has been selected.