Deck 2: Chemistry of Life

Question 1

Coffee or tea with sugar dissolved in it is an example of a water-based solution.Coffee in this case is the __________________,sugar is the _________________,and this means that the sugar molecules must be __________________.

A) solvent;solute;hydrophobic
B) solute;solvent;hydrophobic
C) solvent;solute;hydrophilic
D) solute;solvent;hydrophilic
E) solution;solute;hydrophilic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How are lipids unique when compared to other macromolecule groups?

A) Lipids are not polymers.
B) Lipids are hydrophilic.
C) Lipids are comprised of structurally distinct compounds.
D) Lipids do not contain monomers and they are comprised of compounds.
E) Lipids are water-soluble.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The ability to _____ is not a generally recognized characteristic of most (if not all)living organisms?

A) reproduce
B) maintain homeostasis
C) obtain energy directly from sunlight
D) sense and respond to the environment
E) grow

Answer 3

C

Question 4

As an acidic compound dissolves in water,the pH of the water _______.

A) increases
B) remains neutral
C) decreases
D) does not change
E) becomes basic

Question 5

The cell membrane is made of _______.

A) water
B) proteins
C) phospholipids
D) nucleotides
E) phospholipids and proteins

Question 6

_____ make up the nucleus of an atom,whereas _____ surround the nucleus.

A) Protons;electrons
B) Neutrons;protons
C) Electrons;neutrons
D) Neutrons and electrons;neutrons
E) Protons and neutrons;electrons

Question 7

Olive oil is _______________ because _____________________.

A) hydrophobic;it does not interact with water
B) hydrophilic;it interacts with water
C) hydrophobic;it interacts with water
D) hydrophilic;it does not interact with water
E) both hydrophilic and hydrophobic;it interacts with water and oil

Question 8

Which of the following statements about carbon is FALSE?

A) Carbon can bond with up to four elements at one time.
B) Covalent bonds allow carbon to share electrons with other elements.
C) Carbon is an important element in organic molecules.
D) Carbon can form inorganic molecules.
E) Soil samples containing carbon must contain life.

Question 9

Humans' ability to shiver is an attempt to increase the body's internal temperature and maintain _______.

A) stimuli
B) carbon dioxide
C) energy
D) growth
E) homeostasis

Question 10

Which of the characteristics of life does a virus display,even though its characterization as being alive is controversial?

A) the ability to reproduce
B) the ability to maintain homeostasis
C) the ability to grow
D) the abilities to reproduce and grow
E) the abilities to reproduce,maintain homeostasis,and grow

Question 11

When an atom loses an electron,what happens?

A) It becomes positively charged.
B) It becomes negatively charged.
C) It becomes neutral.
D) Nothing happens.
E) Atoms cannot lose electrons.

Question 12

Identify the smallest subunits of life that can also sometimes be considered living organisms on their own.

A) DNA molecules
B) cells
C) proteins
D) phospholipids
E) inorganic molecules

Question 13

Glucose (a monosaccharide)has the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆.How many carbon atoms are in each glucose molecule?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 4
E) 6

Question 14

Which part of the cell membrane acts as a barrier to hydrophilic molecules entering the cell?

A) hydrophilic heads
B) hydrophilic tails
C) hydrophobic heads
D) hydrophobic tails
E) hydrophobic heads and tails

Question 15

A cell is unable to take up or make sugars.Which molecules will it be unable to take up or make?

A) carbohydrates and lipids
B) proteins and nucleic acids
C) lipids and proteins
D) nucleic acids and lipids
E) carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT give researchers hope that life may exist on Mars?

A) Life on Earth survives in extreme conditions.
B) Life on Earth adapted to extreme conditions.
C) Life on Earth uses macromolecule manipulations to survive in unique environments.
D) Versions of life may come in a form that does not contain all the hallmarks of life,such as viruses.
E) Rovers have captured images of bacterial cells within rocks.

Question 17

In terms of bond strength,which of the following is the weakest?

A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) covalent and hydrogen
E) Bonds cannot be strong or weak.

Question 18

What are the four types of organic molecules that make up all living things on Earth?

A) carbohydrates,lipids,fats,nucleic acids
B) carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur
C) atoms,elements,matter,carbon
D) lipids,nucleic acids,carbohydrates,proteins
E) carbohydrates,proteins,sugars,lipids

Question 19

The "stickiness" of water results from the ______________ bonding of water molecules.

A) hydrogen
B) ionic
C) covalent
D) acidic
E) hydrophobic

Question 20

The bond between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in a water molecule is a(n)___________ bond)

A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) hydrophobic
E) noncovalent

Question 21

Atoms are made up of

A) positively charged protons,negatively charged neutrons,and neutral electrons.
B) positively charged electrons,negatively charged neutrons,and neutral protons.
C) positively charged protons,negatively charged electrons,and neutral neutrons.
D) negatively charged protons,positively charged electrons,and neutral neutrons.
E) positively charged neutrons,negatively charged electrons,and neutral neutrons.

Question 22

The cell membrane is made of

A) water.
B) proteins.
C) phospholipids.
D) nucleotides.
E) both proteins and phospholipids.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a generally recognized characteristic of most (if not all)living organisms?

A) the ability to reproduce
B) the ability to maintain homeostasis
C) the ability to obtain energy directly from sunlight
D) the ability to sense and respond to the environment
E) the ability to grow

Question 24

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of an element is

A) a proton.
B) a neutron.
C) an electron.
D) an atom.
E) a molecule.

Question 25

The "stickiness" of water results from the ______________ bonding of water molecules.

A) hydrogen
B) ionic
C) covalent
D) acidic
E) hydrophobic

Question 26

In a water molecule,the bond between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom is a(n)___________ bond.

A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) hydrophobic
E) noncovalent

Question 27

The pH scale goes from ______ to______.A pH of 7 is considered________,a pH <7 is considered ________,and a pH >7 is considered_________.

A) 0;14;neutral;acidic;basic
B) 0;14;neutral;basic;acidic
C) 0;14;basic;neutral;acidic
D) 0;7;neutral;acidic;basic
E) 0;7;neutral;basic;acidic

Question 28

As an acidic compound dissolves in water,the pH of the water

A) increases.
B) remains neutral.
C) decreases.
D) doesn't change.
E) becomes basic.

Question 29

When an atom loses an electron,what happens?

A) It becomes positively charged.
B) It becomes negatively charged.
C) It becomes neutral.
D) Nothing happens.
E) Atoms cannot lose an electron because atoms have a defined number of electrons.

Question 30

The basic building blocks of life are

A) DNA molecules.
B) cells.
C) proteins.
D) phospholipids.
E) inorganic molecules.

Question 31

The ______ is the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the characteristics of an element and cannot be chemically divided into a smaller unit.

A) atom
B) electron
C) proton
D) nucleus
E) neutron

Question 32

The periodic table is a chart describing

A) the known elements ordered by their atomic number.
B) the number of electrons of each element.
C) the size of an element.
D) the elements that are found in living organisms.
E) the abundance of each element on Earth.

Question 33

Elements are ordered in the periodic table by their

A) atomic weight or electron and neutron number.
B) atomic mass or electron and proton number.
C) atomic number or electron number.
D) atomic number or proton number.
E) atomic number or proton and neutron number.

Question 34

What subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?

A) protons
B) neutrons
C) electrons
D) protons,neutrons,and electrons
E) protons and neutrons

Question 35

An element's identity is defined by its

A) protons.
B) neutrons.
C) electrons.
D) protons and neutrons.
E) protons and electrons.

Question 36

Each element is made up of a unique type of

A) atom.
B) protein.
C) neutron.
D) proton and neutron.
E) macromolecule.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Protons,neutrons,and electrons are found inside the nucleus of an atom.
B) Protons and electrons are found in the nucleus and neutrons orbit around them.
C) Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons orbit around them.
D) Electrons are relatively heavy compared to protons and neutrons.
E) Protons are positively charged whereas electrons are neutral.

Question 38

For an element to have no charge,which must be equivalent in number?

A) subatomic particles and electrons
B) subatomic particles and protons
C) electrons and neutrons
D) neutrons and protons
E) protons and electrons

Question 39

If a cell were unable to take up or make sugars,which class of molecule(s)would it be unable to make?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) nucleic acids
E) both carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Question 40

A collection of amino acids could be used to build a

A) protein.
B) complex carbohydrate.
C) triglyceride.
D) nucleic acid.
E) cell.

Question 41

How many electrons does carbon (atomic number = 6)contain in its outer valence shell?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 42

Which of the following is considered an inorganic molecule?

A) carbon dioxide
B) glucose
C) protein
D) sugar
E) a hydrocarbon skeleton

Question 43

In addition to carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and nitrogen,which elements make up the bulk of the human body?

A) water,phosphorus,and calcium
B) phosphorus and calcium
C) potassium and sodium
D) phosphate and sodium
E) water,potassium,and sodium

Question 44

Which of the following statements about neutrons is CORRECT?

A) An atom has the same number of neutrons and electrons.
B) Most neutrons are found in the last two shells of the atom.
C) All neutrons are found in the valence shell of the atom.
D) One-half of neutrons are positive and one-half are negative,giving them an overall neutral charge.
E) All neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom.

Question 45

Organic molecules contain at least

A) three carbon to hydrogen bonds.
B) one carbon to oxygen bond.
C) one ionic bond.
D) one carbon to hydrogen bond.
E) one hydrogen to oxygen bond.

Question 46

How many electrons does carbon (atomic number = 6)contain in its first and second valence shells?

A) 1;5
B) 2;4
C) 3;3
D) 4;2
E) 5;1

Question 47

A covalent bond is formed by

A) the donation of an electron from one atom to another.
B) the acceptance of an electron from one atom to another.
C) both donation and acceptance of an electron between atoms.
D) the sharing of electrons between atoms.
E) a weak interaction between two atom's electrons.

Question 48

The atomic particles responsible for forming bonds with other atoms are

A) protons.
B) neutrons.
C) electrons.
D) protons and neutrons.
E) protons and electrons.

Question 49

What is the maximum number of atoms to which a single carbon can bind?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 50

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals

A) the atomic number.
B) the atomic mass.
C) the number of electrons.
D) the number of bonds the atom can form.
E) the electrical charge of the atom.

Question 51

An organic molecule must have

A) carbon.
B) a hydrogen-carbon bond.
C) hydrogen.
D) covalent bonds.
E) ionic bonds.

Question 52

The atomic mass is equal to

A) the number of protons.
B) the number of neutrons.
C) the number of electrons.
D) the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
E) the number of protons plus the number of electrons.

Question 53

Carbon has _____ potential bonding sites.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
E) 3

Question 54

A covalent bond can best be described as

A) two atoms sharing electrons.
B) two atoms sharing protons.
C) one atom losing an electron to another,then sticking to it due to the attraction between opposite charges.
D) one atom losing a proton to another,then sticking to it due to the attraction between opposite charges.
E) a bond between atoms of two different elements.

Question 55

An isotope is the form of an element that has more or fewer neutrons than its most common form.Knowing this,what is the atomic number of an isotope with one extra neutron,if its atomic mass is 15?

A) 7
B) 8
C) 14
D) 16
E) 30

Question 56

Potassium (K)has an atomic number of 19,and it has 20 neutrons.What is its atomic mass?

A) 19
B) 20
C) 38
D) 39
E) 40

Question 57

What is the atomic mass of lithium (atomic number = 3)?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6
E) 9

Question 58

An element's atomic number refers to its number of

A) protons.
B) neutrons.
C) electrons.
D) protons and neutrons.
E) protons and electrons.

Question 59

Organic molecules are defined as having

A) a carbon backbone.
B) at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
C) at least one carbon-hydrogen bond.
D) A and B,but not C.
E) A and C,but not B.

Question 60

Which of the following lists the most abundant elements in the human body from most abundant to least abundant?

A) Oxygen $\rightarrow$ hydrogen $\rightarrow$ nitrogen $\rightarrow$ carbon
B) Oxygen $\rightarrow$ carbon $\rightarrow$ hydrogen $\rightarrow$ nitrogen
C) Hydrogen $\rightarrow$ oxygen $\rightarrow$ carbon $\rightarrow$ nitrogen
D) Hydrogen $\rightarrow$ carbon $\rightarrow$ oxygen $\rightarrow$ nitrogen
E) Nitrogen $\rightarrow$ carbon $\rightarrow$ oxygen $\rightarrow$ hydrogen

Question 61

Sterols are

A) lipids.
B) carbohydrates.
C) proteins.
D) nucleic acids.
E) important solvents.

Question 62

DNA differs from RNA because

A) RNA is not made up of nucleotides,but DNA is.
B) RNA is a nucleotide,whereas DNA is a nucleic acid.
C) RNA does not contain a sugar molecule,but DNA does.
D) RNA is only one linear chain,whereas DNA consists of two chains bonded together.
E) RNA has an attached lipid,but DNA does not.

Question 63

An example of a nucleic acid is

A) DNA.
B) protein.
C) glucose.
D) fat.
E) sugar.

Question 64

_________ provide(s)a way to store large amounts of energy and provide thermal insulation and padding in animals.

A) Sterols
B) Phospholipids
C) Fats
D) Water
E) Proteins

Question 65

Which of the following macromolecules are insoluble in water?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) nucleic acids
E) amino acids

Question 66

The monomers of proteins are

A) nucleic acids.
B) amino acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) lipids.
E) monosaccharides.

Question 67

Which functional trait does a mule NOT share with all living organisms?

A) growth
B) reproduction
C) responding to their environment
D) obtaining and using energy
E) maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 68

DNA,deoxyribonucleic acid,has a "backbone" of sugars and

A) phosphate groups.
B) starch.
C) acids.
D) glycogen.
E) glycerol.

Question 69

There are _____ different amino acids.

A) 12
B) 73
C) 21
D) 5
E) 20

Question 70

Lipids may function in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) hormones.
B) energy storage.
C) components of cell membranes.
D) structural support.
E) insulation.

Question 71

Which of the following do NOT share all of the functional traits of a living organism?

A) bacteria
B) mushrooms
C) plants
D) dogs
E) viruses

Question 72

When a plant bends toward sunlight,the bending is an example of which characteristic of life?

A) growth
B) reproduction
C) responding to their environment
D) obtaining and using energy
E) maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 73

Which of these is NOT a necessary characteristic of life?

A) ability to grow
B) ability to move around in the environment
C) ability to reproduce
D) ability to respond to stimuli
E) ability to use energy

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a functional trait of a living organism?

A) growing and reproducing
B) moving from place to place
C) responding to their environment
D) obtaining and using energy
E) maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 75

When you eat more food than your body requires,you will store the extra energy as

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) lipids.
D) proteins and lipids.
E) carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 76

Nucleotides are composed of

A) sugar,phosphate group,and a base.
B) sugar,amino acid,and a base.
C) lipid,phosphate group,and a base.
D) ribose,phosphate group,and an amino acid.
E) deoxyribose,lipid,and a base.

Question 77

A bond formed by atoms sharing electrons is known as

A) an ionic bond.
B) an electric bond.
C) a covalent bond.
D) a shared bond.
E) a hydrogen bond.

Question 78

The ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment is termed

A) feedback inhibition.
B) anabolism.
C) catabolism.
D) homeostasis.
E) metabolism.

Question 79

Which of the following are energy-storing polymers?

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) proteins and lipids
E) carbohydrates and lipids

Question 80

All of the following are true of proteins EXCEPT

A) they help speed up chemical reactions.
B) their function is dependent on their shape.
C) they serve as energy-storage molecules.
D) they help move things around inside of cells.
E) they contain peptide bonds.