Deck 11: Foreign Policy

Question 1

______________ is the organization created during the Cold War by most democratic states in Western Europe and North America pledging a common military response if any one of them was attacked.

A) The United Nations
B) The Warsaw Pact
C) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
D) NAFTA
E) The WTO

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, the United States

A) retreated to a policy of isolationism.
B) renounced the policy of gunboat diplomacy.
C) acquired Venezuela as a colony.
D) made a colony of Puerto Rico and imposed a protectorate on Cuba.
E) was forced to acknowledge the legitimacy of ongoing Spanish rule over Puerto Rico and Cuba.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In his presidential farewell address, George Washington

A) urged the United States to avoid entangling alliances.
B) encouraged the United States to seek as many alliances as possible to keep Great Britain from trying to regain control of its former colonies.
C) said the United States should reaffirm its commitment to the Monroe Doctrine.
D) said the United States should renounce its commitment to the Monroe Doctrine.
E) emphasized the numerous geographic disadvantages facing the United States.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The role of Congress in the realm of foreign policy includes all of the following except

A) authority to appropriate funds for the Department of Defense.
B) authority to legislation relating to foreign affairs.
C) authority to summon military and civilian leaders to testify before congressional committees.
D) Senate authority to approve treaties.
E) Senate authority to appoint military officers.

Question 5

The making of foreign policy

A) is concentrated within the executive branch.
B) is concentrated within the Congress.
C) frequently involves the House of Representatives but never the Senate.
D) frequently involves the Senate but never the House of Representatives.
E) takes place without any input from transnational corporations (TNCs).

Question 6

According to the text, during the settlement of North America, Europeans slaughtered approximately ______________ Native Americans.

A) 3,000
B) 30,000
C) 300,000
D) 3 million
E) 30 million

Question 7

For the most part, U.S. foreign policy is formulated and implemented by ______________.

A) transnational corporations
B) the U.S. Senate
C) the U.S. House of Representatives
D) the President
E) the voting public

Question 8

In 2010, U.S. government expenditures for social and economic development in poor regions of the world were approximately ______________ the U.S. military budget.

A) 4 percent of
B) 10 percent of
C) half of
D) equal to
E) twice as much as

Question 9

Firms with significant foreign operations are called ______________.

A) horizontal businesses
B) vertical businesses
C) transnational corporations
D) constellation corporations
E) multi-government organizations

Question 10

In 2012, the U.S. military budget was ______________.

A) $100 million
B) $500 million
C) $100 billion
D) $500 billion
E) $700 billion

Question 11

All of the following are cited in the text as reasons for the expansion of the U.S. foreign policy agenda in the wake of World War II except

A) the weakened international economic position the United States found itself in at the end of the war.
B) the decline of the major European capitalist powers.
C) the growth of nationalism in newly independent countries in Asia and Africa.
D) the challenge posed by the Soviet Union.
E) the risk of a resumption of prewar economic depression.

Question 12

In developing foreign policy, presidents must consider all of the following except

A) pressure of foreign governments.
B) preferences of allies.
C) domestic partisan and political issues.
D) his or her own ideological preferences.
E) including a large number of public and private actors in the decision-making process.

Question 13

The Monroe Doctrine dealt primarily with the United States, Europe, and

A) Africa.
B) Asia.
C) Latin America.
D) the Mediterranean.
E) the increased Russian colonization of Alaska.

Question 14

According to the text, between 1801 and 1904, the United States engaged in ______________ military actions in Latin America.

A) 1
B) 11
C) 101
D) 1,001
E) 1,000,001

Question 15

The United States has approximately ______________ percent of the world's population, and accounts for approximately ______________ percent of the world's wealth.

A) 5 . . . 5
B) 5 . . . 33
C) 5 . . . 50
D) 10 . . . 20
E) 10 . . . 40

Question 16

According to the text, during the Cold War

A) the Soviet Union had a sphere of influence, but the United States did not.
B) neither the United States nor the Soviet Union had a sphere of influence.
C) the United States sponsored the Warsaw Pact, and the Soviet Union organized the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
D) there was never any real threat of a nuclear war.
E) nuclear war almost resulted from the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Question 17

According to the text, U.S. hegemony in the half-century after World War II

A) was based on global acceptance of the principles stated in the Declaration of Independence.
B) consisted of "hard power" but not "soft power."
C) consisted of "soft power" but not "hard power."
D) consisted of both "hard power" and "soft power."
E) involved neither "hard power" nor "soft power."

Question 18

The Cold War occurred in the years

A) leading up to World War I.
B) immediately after World War I.
C) leading up to World War II.
D) after World War II.
E) following the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Question 19

______________ is the doctrine that U.S. interests are best served by minimizing U.S. involvement in international affairs.

A) Multilateralism
B) Unilateralism
C) Isolationism
D) Internationalism
E) The Monroe Doctrine

Question 20

In its discussion of the Cold War, the text uses the term "proxy war" in reference to

A) the armed conflicts between U.S. client states and insurgent movements backed by the Soviet Union.
B) the bitter diplomatic negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States.
C) the intense controversies among U.S. citizens over the merits of U.S. foreign policy.
D) the frequent nuclear confrontations between the Soviet Union and the United States.
E) the military skirmishes in Europe between the U.S. and Soviet troops that never developed into all-out war.

Question 21

Which of the following is included on the text's list of countries that possess nuclear weapons?

A) Israel
B) Iraq
C) Cuba
D) Egypt
E) Canada

Question 22

According to the text, the principal mission of the U.S. military and foreign policy defense establishment is to

A) generate profits for military contractors.
B) expand human rights around the world.
C) oppose Islamic fundamentalism.
D) maintain a stable, integrated world order under U.S. dominance.
E) address the U.S. trade and budgetary deficits.

Question 23

All of the following statements about transnational corporations (TNCs) are true except

A) as a result of the operations of TNCs, U.S. consumers frequently benefit from low prices that are subsidized by the social costs absorbed by citizens in much poorer countries.
B) to locate themselves near consumers who buy their products, TNCs direct most investment to affluent countries north of the equator.
C) TNCs often benefit from lax labor laws in poor countries.
D) TNCs often benefit from poor countries' weak enforcement of environmental regulations.
E) there is no significant foreign-based TNC investment in the United States.

Question 24

The Cold War refers to the period of hostile relations just short of open war that prevailed between the United States and ______________ from 1947 to the late 1980s.

A) Afghanistan
B) Iraq
C) France
D) Russia
E) The Soviet Union

Question 25

______________ was a term that designated a multidimensional American strategy-using diplomacy, economic power, and military means-to limit the influence and potential for expansion of the Soviet Union.

A) Détente
B) Isolationism
C) Multilateralism
D) Containment
E) The Bush Doctrine

Question 26

The United States produces approximately ______________ percent of the world's oil, and accounts for approximately ______________ percent of the world's oil consumption.

A) 1 . . . 10
B) 5 . . . 5
C) 5 . . . 25
D) 5 . . . 50
E) 10 . . . 75

Question 27

According to the text, in the years after World War II, the United States

A) ignored the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
B) publicly renounced the Monroe Doctrine.
C) expanded the scope of the Monroe Doctrine to include developing regions in Asia and Africa.
D) passed legislation requiring transnational corporations (TNCs) to subscribe to the principles of the Monroe Doctrine.
E) refused to allow TNCs to invest in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Question 28

In discussing the expansion of the government's internal security apparatus during the George W. Bush administration, the text makes all of the following claims except

A) the Patriot Act's definition of terrorism was extremely vague and broad.
B) Pentagon lawyers unanimously supported President Bush's order about how to deal with unlawful combatants.
C) Attorney General Alberto Gonzales said that the Geneva Convention's strict limitations on questioning enemy prisoners were obsolete.
D) the United States violated many international agreements that it had ratified.
E) 2004 saw the start of a pushback against the Bush administration's handling of prisoners and detainees.

Question 29

According to the text, transnational corporations (TNCs)

A) are those corporations with significant foreign operations.
B) are exclusively headquartered in the United States.
C) play much less of a role in contemporary economic affairs than is generally believed.
D) experienced their most dramatic growth in the decade following World War II.
E) are prohibited by a provision of the UN Charter that is never enforced.

Question 30

"Skeptics" differ from "globalists" in that the skeptics

A) stress the political causes of what is usually called globalization.
B) stress the technological causes of what is usually called globalization.
C) deny there has been an increase in any key global economic flows.
D) include all labor unions among their ranks.
E) include all large corporations among their ranks.

Question 31

The Marshall Plan

A) was a restatement of the Monroe Doctrine.
B) was the failed plan for a military victory in Vietnam.
C) was primarily about U.S. aid to countries in Asia and Africa in the years after World War II.
D) involved aid to Europe in the years after World War II.
E) laid the basis for the formation of the United Nations.

Question 32

In the aftermath of the U.S. invasion of Iraq

A) the United Nations found definitive proof that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).
B) the United States produced conclusive evidence that Iraq had WMDs.
C) no WMDs were found, but there was definitive proof that Iraq was actively producing them.
D) no WMDs were found, nor was there any evidence of an active program to build them.
E) the United States said it would destroy all of its WMDs since Iraq was no longer a threat.

Question 33

According to the text, in addition to the Cold War, another immensely significant aspect of the half-century after World War II was

A) the global expansion of U.S. military, economic, political, and cultural influence.
B) a sharp decline in U.S. military, economic, political, and cultural influence.
C) the overwhelming superiority of "soft power" over "hard power" in foreign affairs.
D) the emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's single most powerful country.
E) the emergence of the European Union as the world's dominant economic region.

Question 34

As evidence of the dramatic increase in unilateralism that occurred during the presidency of George W. Bush, the text cites all of the following except

A) the invasion of Grenada without a Declaration of War by Congress.
B) opposition to the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
C) rejection of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
D) rejection of previously negotiated limits on antiballistic missile development.
E) the shelving of a previously signed nuclear test ban treaty.

Question 35

Abu Ghraib is the name of the

A) Iraqi leader who succeeded Saddam Hussein.
B) prison in which Iraqi prisoners were abused.
C) city that was the location of the most important battle of the Iraqi War.
D) first al-Qaeda operative illegally tortured by the CIA.
E) city in which U.S. missiles aimed at al-Qaeda leaders also killed many civilians.

Question 36

In the years after World War II, a principal goal of U.S. foreign policy was to

A) encourage Middle Eastern countries to take control of their vast petroleum resources.
B) support France's efforts to maintain control of its large share of the Middle East's oil.
C) support the Soviet Union's efforts to increase its influence in the Middle East.
D) establish U.S. government ownership of the Middle East's petroleum reserves.
E) help U.S. oil companies gain control of the Middle East's petroleum reserves.

Question 37

The term extraordinary rendition refers to

A) the ways that presidents mislead the public about foreign policy.
B) the highly destructive roadside bombs used by insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan.
C) drone missiles and other high-tech weapons used to combat al-Qaeda.
D) the dedication and religious zeal of suicide bombers in Iraq and Afghanistan.
E) handing prisoners over to authoritarian regimes, where they are subjected to torture.

Question 38

According to the text, in the years after World War II, income from foreign investments

A) virtually disappeared.
B) became an important factor in U.S. global hegemony.
C) was outlawed by the UN Charter.
D) served primarily to finance public health and education in the developing world.
E) was of no importance to transnational corporations (TNCs).

Question 39

The foreign policy approach that asserted the right of the United States to launch a preemptive military attack if the president decided that an opponent was planning an attack is called ______________.

A) Gunboat diplomacy
B) the Monroe Doctrine
C) the Truman Doctrine
D) the Bush Doctrine
E) the Obama Doctrine

Question 40

According to the text, the common thread among the UN, IMF, GATT, WTO, and OECD is

A) they were created to promote world peace.
B) they were created to promote democracy.
C) they were created to regulate the world's political and economic order.
D) they were created to protect the financial interests of the United States.
E) they were organized to give equal voice to all countries.

Question 41

Summarize the differences and similarities between the views of what the text calls globalists and skeptics.

Question 42

According to the text, in ordering a sizable troop buildup in Afghanistan, President Obama

A) went beyond President George W. Bush in seeking a military solution.
B) chose a policy that relied less on a military solution than did Bush administration policy.
C) acknowledged that a U.S. defeat in Iraq was inevitable.
D) chose a policy extremely likely to increase U.S. security.
E) chose a policy extremely likely to produce a democratic and stable Afghanistan.

Question 43

Summarize and briefly discuss the main characteristics of the Cold War.

Question 44

In 2011, the United States intervened militarily in ______________ to depose Muammar al-Gaddafi.

A) Afghanistan
B) Pakistan
C) Syria
D) Libya
E) Egypt

Question 45

Summarize the arguments for the claim that U.S. dominance is on the decline. Do you agree or disagree with this claim? Provide examples to illustrate your point.

Question 46

What are transnational corporations (TNCs)? Summarize their major characteristics, activities, and effects on economies in the developing world and on the United States.

Question 47

Summarize the evidence provided to support the text's claim of a shift to unilateralism during the presidency of George W. Bush.

Question 48

In what ways does the foreign policy of the Obama administration differ from that of George W. Bush? In what ways are the two administrations' foreign policies similar?

Question 49

Summarize the main characteristics of the George W. Bush administration's expansion of the government's internal security apparatus and the reasons this expansion has been criticized.

Question 50

What explains the U.S. rise to power? Summarize the text's answer to this question.

Question 51

Summarize and explain the significance of the Monroe Doctrine.

Question 52

Summarize the arguments in favor of and against the Obama administration's policy of targeted killings. Do you agree or disagree with the policy? Explain your answer.

Question 53

In concluding its discussion of foreign policy, the text makes all of the following assertions except

A) President George W. Bush's aggressive military action probably weakened the U.S. position in the world.
B) President Obama has only partially reversed President George W. Bush's unilateral and aggressive assertion of U.S. power.
C) the United States assumed its present boundaries largely through violence on a grand scale.
D) the United States achieved its preeminent position in the world largely because of the moral superiority of the principles upon which U.S. foreign policy is based.
E) despite books and articles claiming that the conclusion of the Cold War marked "the end of history," change cannot be eliminated from history.

Question 54

Summarize the reasons why the text questions the claims associated with the concept of a "clash of civilizations."

Question 55

In what ways was World War II what the text calls a "watershed" in U.S. foreign policy?

Question 56

Is the United States an empire or a nation builder? Explain your answer and provide examples to illustrate your point.

Question 57

According to the text, the polices of the Obama administration have been similar to those of the George W. Bush administration in all of the following areas except

A) using the doctrine of state secrets to oppose lawsuits challenging alleged torture.
B) continuing to issue wiretaps without warrants for U.S. citizens suspected of links to terrorism.
C) pursuing plans to build a missile-defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic.
D) defending the policy of extraordinary rendition.
E) practicing preventive detention.