Deck 7: Language,thinking,and Intelligence

Question 1

What is missing when a student who skips class copies notes from another student?

A)Extralinguistic information
B)Syntax clues
C)Morphological markers
D)Phonesthemes

Answer 1

Extralinguistic information

Question 2

By the end of the first year of life,an infant will generally

A)use only the phonemes of the native language of his or her caregiver.
B)be in the cooing stage of vocalization.
C)have a vocabulary of approximately 100 words.
D)speak in two-word "sentences."

Answer 2

use only the phonemes of the native language of his or her caregiver.

Question 3

Our co-worker says,"It's awful in here." To understand what she means,we must

A)take into account extralinguisitic information,such as location and facial expressions.
B)parse the grammatical structure of her comment.
C)examine the morphemes in the statement to determine the smaller units of meaning in the sentence.
D)ignore nonverbal cues so that we are not distracted.

Answer 3

take into account extralinguisitic information,such as location and facial expressions.

Question 4

Extralinguistic information allows us to determine meaning by analyzing

A)grammar.
B)context.
C)added morphemes.
D)phonetics.

Question 5

As symbol systems of communication,most languages

A)generally match sounds to the meaning of words.
B)are arbitrary in the relationship between words and meaning.
C)can be translated to another without impaired meanings of complex concepts.
D)do not have concepts that are unique to just one particular language.

Question 6

Which of the following is true about learning language?

A)Children learn to comprehend new words before they say them.
B)It takes over a year for infant phonemes to sound like adult speakers in their native language.
C)Babbling,which we used to think was the beginning of language,is unrelated to the acquisition of words.
D)Children start learning language at 4 to 6 months as the attachment process solidifies.

Question 7

We often do not consider the complexity of language.This is in part because

A)language acquisition is easy.
B)language acquisition requires little practice.
C)our use of language is generally automatic.
D)humans do not often consider complex phenomena.

Question 8

Language is

A)a symbol system of communication.
B)rarely ambiguous.
C)a communication system that includes words,but not gestures.
D)a communication system that requires little implicit processing.

Question 9

Your friend's 6-month-old baby has begun to vocalize long strings of repeated syllables in a continuous stream.For example,the baby vocalizes "Malamalamalamalamala." This baby is in the ________ stage.

A)cooing
B)babbling
C)syllables
D)two-word

Question 10

Should Serina be surprised that her 10-month-old infant understands her command to pick up her rattle?

A)Yes,because most infants don't develop true comprehension until after their first birthday.
B)No,because most infants can comprehend hundreds of words by their first birthday.
C)Yes,because although most infants can produce hundreds of words before their first birthday,comprehension usually lags behind.
D)No,becauseinfants' comprehension of their world precedes their production ability.

Question 11

Linda's 3-month-old infant keeps saying "ga-ga" and "doh-doh." Should she be worried?

A)Yes; parents should not encourage nonsense language in their infants,because it can lead to language problems later on.
B)Maybe; her 3-month-old should be saying at least a couple of words by now.
C)No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infants.
D)No,although the infant should start to string these syllables together to form words in the next month or two.

Question 12

Successful communication

A)depends exclusively on language content.
B)rarely requires nonverbal information from the speaker.
C)depends on the reasoning abilities of the listener.
D)depends mainly on the literal and accurate interpretation of words.

Question 13

Babies can hear inside the womb

A)by the second month.
B)no earlier than the seventh month.
C)by the fifth month.
D)only after the eighth month.

Question 14

Babies engage in intentional vocalizations that sound meaningful,but are not.This is referred to as

A)babbling.
B)telegraphic speech.
C)holographic speech.
D)two-word utterances.

Question 15

Although extralinguistic information is not a formal part of language,it does serve the purpose of

A)generally providing entertainment value,which captures our attention.
B)providing literal and factual information.
C)assisting in interpretation.
D)distracting us from the emotional aspects of communication.

Question 16

The authors provide a brief conversation between two students discussing tickets for a game.The inferences we make about this discussion indicate that

A)our ability to understand language requires implicit skills in accessing knowledge and interpreting phrases.
B)most language use is quite literal.
C)our ability to understand "slang" is very limited because it is a cognitively taxing event.
D)the ways in which language can be interpreted are extremely limited.

Question 17

What is missing from the following sentence? Eggs the ham and green delicious are.

A)Phoneme
B)Morpheme
C)Syntax
D)Dialect

Question 18

The smallest units of speech that are meaningful are referred to as

A)phonemes.
B)lingmemes.
C)anomias.
D)morphemes.

Question 19

Much of our language use serves non-informational purposes,such as

A)maintaining social relationships.
B)telling the barista that we want a skim latte.
C)advising a friend what time to show up at a party.
D)providing directions to an event.

Question 20

E-mail can often lead to misunderstandings,mainly because

A)it lacks extralinguisitic information.
B)people misspell more often with e-mail than with pen-and-paper writing.
C)of decreasing literacy levels.
D)most people read e-mail more rapidly than other written forms.

Question 21

A group of deaf children was discovered after a terrible earthquake had nearly destroyed the town.The children had been hiding together for nearly a month.When an interpreter was brought in,she could not make sense of the signs she saw,yet the children were clearly communicating with one another.What is the most likely explanation?

A)The children were engaged in cryptophasia.
B)The children were just pretending to use sign language.
C)The interpreter was not fluent in signed English.
D)The children had developed a form of homesign.

Question 22

According to the ________ theory of language acquisition,children can deduce the meaning of words they do not understand by inferring meaning from the context.

A)social pragmatics
B)nativist
C)general cognitive processing
D)imitation

Question 23

The primary weakness of the imitation account for language acquisition is that

A)children only mimic language if reinforced.
B)it overemphasizes brain structures.
C)it does not account for generativity.
D)it does not allow for the effects of social context.

Question 24

The language acquisition device may be a close relative of which concept?

A)Holophrase
B)Telepathy
C)Illusions
D)Engram

Question 25

Skip just created an all-boys club.He has even created words that only the other boys in the club can understand.What has Skip invented?

A)Echolalia
B)Synthesia
C)Cryptophasia
D)Holophrasia

Question 26

In nonhuman animals,the most common circumstances under which communication occurs are

A)feeding and labor.
B)hunting and food distribution.
C)aggression and mating.
D)mating and food distribution.

Question 27

If you didn't already know sign language and you observed two deaf persons using signs,you would probably

A)have an easy time deciphering their conversation.
B)understand little to nothing about what was being communicated.
C)have to rely on their facial expressions.
D)be able to join in the conversation after a few minutes.

Question 28

While it offers compelling explanations for language development,the most significant shortcoming of the nativist account is

A)that it is unfalsifiable.
B)its emphasis on extralinguisitic information.
C)the emphasis on neurophysiology.
D)that it does not address generativity.

Question 29

Buck has a friend who is deaf and was born to deaf parents who used sign language.It is most likely that his friend

A)developed sign language in much the same way Buck learned to speak.
B)learned sign language as a whole rather than a series of stages.
C)has not learned to sign because he can lip read.
D)developed a secret language with his parents that only they can understand.

Question 30

Learning to ride a bike is just like learning to hit a baseball.Which theory of language acquisition might support this statement?

A)Imitation account
B)General cognitive processing account
C)Nativist account
D)Social pragmatics account

Question 31

In studies of attempts to teach chimpanzees language,researchers have found that

A)chimpanzees are similar to human children in requiring few trials to associate signs with meaning.
B)chimpanzees frequently engage in naming behaviors.
C)children master syntax later than chimpanzees.
D)chimpanzees do not seem to understand the rules of syntax.

Question 32

When psychologists say language is generative,they mean

A)children learn syntax gradually.
B)language acquisition is solely a function of nurture.
C)language is a function of social pragmatics.
D)none of the above.

Question 33

All of the following are myths about sign language,EXCEPT

A)deaf babies babble with their hands.
B)because they can lip read,deaf people do not need to learn sign language.
C)signing has a negative effect on a deaf child's ability to speak.
D)American Sign Language translates word-for-word to spoken English.

Question 34

Which theory of language development is supported by the observation that many children use pictures in books to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words?

A)Social pragmatics account
B)Imitation account
C)Nativist account
D)General cognitive processing account

Question 35

Some believe that twins often share a secret and distinct language.Research suggests that

A)cryptophasia is a true phenomenon for roughly half of all twins studied.
B)most twins develop language more quickly than singletons,leaving them free to develop new languages.
C)twins may be more susceptible to language delays,which appear to some observers as distinct language forms.
D)the secret language of twins is referred to as homesign.

Question 36

Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language?

A)Reduplicative babbling precedes the syllables stage of vocalization.
B)Children can produce many more words than they can understand.
C)Comprehension of words precedes production.
D)Most children recognize their own names as early as 2 months.

Question 37

All of the following are true of sign language,EXCEPT

A)there is one universal form of sign language.
B)it relies on extralinguistic information.
C)there are complex syntax structures.
D)it features generativity.

Question 38

Which aspect of language is analogous to an assignment in which children are given a bag containing glue,popsicle sticks,and rubber bands,and then allowed to create as many things as they can?

A)Imitation
B)Production
C)Generativity
D)Holophrase

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a myth

A)Deaf people don't need sign language because they can lip read.
B)Learning to sign slows down a deaf child's ability to learn to speak.
C)Over 90 percent of deaf children are born to hearing parents.
D)American Sign Language is a word-for-word translation of English into signs.

Question 40

Which of the following statements REFUTES the idea that chimpanzees can use language?

A)Chimpanzees sometimes use symbols to engage in social interactions.
B)Chimpanzees learn better as young animals than as adults.
C)Chimpanzees are unable to effectively master syntax.
D)Chimpanzees learn new words or signs easily.

Question 41

My exposure to the typical use of objects in my culture may render me less able to find novel solutions to problems.This is referred to as

A)functional fixedness.
B)availability heuristic.
C)mental sets.
D)salience of surface characteristics.

Question 42

Eduardo is from Brazil.He is fluent in both Portuguese and English.When he speaks to you of his home in Brazil,he seems to have trouble remembering details.Yet when he is speaking Portuguese to another Brazilian,he has no trouble remembering.This phenomenon can be best explained by

A)linguistic determinism.
B)linguistic relativity.
C)extralinguistic information.
D)cryprophasia.

Question 43

If you wanted to teach a nonhuman animal to communicate using language,which of the following animals does research suggest would be the best choice?

A)Chimpanzees
B)Parakeets
C)Bonobos
D)Gorillas

Question 44

If I am given 10 math problems,and I can and do solve the first 9 in the same way,I may struggle with the last problem if it requires a different method to solve it.This best illustrates the concept of

A)the salience of surface properties.
B)thin slicing.
C)mental sets.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 45

The last time that Tom made banana bread,it didn't taste very good.He hypothesizes that the bread had too much salt in it and decides to remove the salt the next time he bakes it.This best illustrates the concept of

A)disconfirming strategy use.
B)functional fixedness.
C)confirming strategy use.
D)mental set.

Question 46

Who is engaged in abstract thinking?

A)Susie,who says that most apples are colored red
B)Benito,who says the sun might explode one day
C)Gene,who argues that the Red Sox are better than the Yankees this year
D)Marlita,who says her favorite television show is Hannah Montana

Question 47

With all the controversy that surrounds intelligence testing,what is the most likely explanation as to why it is still a good predictor of classroom performance?

A)The original intelligence tests were focused on predicting academic achievement.
B)Many teachers focus their lessons on items contained on those intelligence tests.
C)Most intelligence tests focus on vision and hearing,which are both important in the classroom.
D)The creators of the first intelligence test were focused on special learners,so the test was not as difficult as it should have been.

Question 48

You just discovered a nomadic people who have lived in the desert their whole lives.Their language contains over 20 words to describe the various types and textures of sand contained in their environment.According to research on linguistic determinism,what is the likely origin for all of these terms?

A)The people of the tribe created these terms in order to make finer distinctions among the various types of sand they encounter.
B)Their environment dictated that multiple terms be created to enhance their understanding.
C)Their thought processes enabled them to make finer distinctions among the different kinds of sand in their environment,so they were able to create a language that reflected their knowledge.
D)It is impossible to know if the language caused them to think differently about their environment,or the way they perceive their environment caused them to create their language.

Question 49

One explanation for schizophrenia holds that schizophrenics have difficulty in filtering their attention.This is most closely related to the concept of

A)cognitive economy.
B)schema development.
C)chunking.
D)top-down processing.

Question 50

Greg was just given a task that tests his level of functional fixedness.Which of the following will be most useful to him?

A)Crystallized intelligence
B)Fluid intelligence
C)Creative thinking
D)His imagination

Question 51

Alex and Nicole just got married.They move into their new apartment and realize they need a coffee table.Alex takes four stacks of old textbooks and forms the legs of the table.He then takes an old piece of cardboard and lays it across the four "legs." Which cognitive tendency did Alex NOT fall victim to?

A)Mental set
B)Functional fixedness
C)Creative inhibition
D)Availability heuristic

Question 52

Research on the relation between cognition and language suggests that

A)cultures that have only two "color" words,dark and bright,cannot distinguish other colors.
B)language shapes all aspects of perception,thought,and memory.
C)language cannot affect thinking and memory.
D)some aspects of thinking are more vulnerable to language influence than others.

Question 53

Anastasia is building a sand castle at the beach.She is frustrated by the fact that the water keeps washing it away.She has rebuilt the castle five times already,each one a little further from the waves.Her brother Christopher walks up,sees the problem,and proceeds to dig a channel for the water that bypasses her latest sand castle completely.Which cognitive block was Anastasia demonstrating?

A)Functional fixedness
B)Convergent thinking
C)Mental set
D)Thin slicing

Question 54

What famous quote from the movie Forrest Gump best exemplifies Boring's dictum?

A)"Life is like a box of chocolates."
B)"Run,Forrest,run!"
C)"Stupid is as stupid does."
D)"My name is Forrest...Forrest Gump."

Question 55

Behaviorists attempted to explain thinking in the narrow terms of

A)feeling and perceiving.
B)stimulus and response.
C)remembering and feeling.
D)believing and deciding.

Question 56

Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks.Such poor reasoning was the result of

A)thin slicing.
B)hindsight bias.
C)mental sets.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 57

Nigel is out on a blind date.He decides after only 5 minutes with this new woman that he likes her.Is this snap decision a wise one?

A)Yes; our mental shortcuts are often accurate,especially when judging people.
B)Yes; many people report falling in love immediately or the idea of love at first sight.
C)No; although mental shortcuts are beneficial,snap decisions concerning people are often inaccurate.
D)No; typically when employing mental shortcuts,one needs to gather as much information as possible about the situation.

Question 58

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,a person's native language influences

A)thinking processes.
B)the understanding of syntax.
C)the speed with which the language is acquired.
D)the length of the critical period.

Question 59

Because our snap judgments are often "good bets," the tendency to use heuristics and intuition might be considered

A)adaptive.
B)maladaptive.
C)a failure of cognitive miserliness.
D)too risky.

Question 60

MacGyver,a fictional TV hero,was able to solve nearly any problem with duct tape,chewing gum,and some luck.Which of the following cognitive tendencies was NOT a problem for MacGyver?

A)Functional fixedness
B)Linguistic relativity
C)Mental sets
D)Availability heuristic

Question 61

Who would have supported the notion that intelligence resulted from a single ability and could be represented by a single test score?

A)Gardner
B)Spearman
C)Sternberg
D)Binet

Question 62

Brandon can name all 50 states and capitals.Which type of intelligence is he relying most on?

A)Semantic
B)Fluid
C)Crystallized
D)Static

Question 63

Regarding Spearman,Gardner,and Sternberg's theories of intelligence,which statement is true?

A)Gardner's interpersonal intelligence is related to Sternberg's practical intelligence.
B)Gardner's linguistic intelligence is related to Spearman's
C)Gardner's intrapersonal intelligence is related to Sternberg's creative intelligence.
D)Gardner's bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is related to Sternberg's analytical intelligence.

Question 64

Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s,he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era.This knowledge is associated with the term

A)crystallized intelligence.
B)fluid intelligence.
C)general intelligence.
D)multiple intelligence.

Question 65

Steve is your most successful salesman.He just seems to have a knack for making people feel at ease.According to Gardner,what type of intelligence is Steve exhibiting?

A)Linguistic
B)Interpersonal
C)Intrapersonal
D)Spatial

Question 66

Alfred Binet and Sir Francis Galton would have likely disagreed about the extent to which

A)our senses influence intelligence.
B)tests can measure intelligence.
C)intelligence tests were reliable.
D)intelligence tests were objective measures.

Question 67

According to Gardner,there are ________ types of intelligence.

A)two
B)four
C)six
D)eight

Question 68

Which researcher studied the effects of sensory abilities on intelligence?

A)Alfred Binet
B)Henri Simon
C)Sir Francis Galton
D)Charles Spearman

Question 69

The original purpose of the first intelligence test was to identify which children were

A)in need of special educational assistance.
B)likely to do well in school.
C)likely to benefit from vocational education.
D)in need of accelerated instruction.

Question 70

Ms.Bouvier is a first grade teacher.She has just given Chelsea her screening test in the area of reading.Chelsea scored very high in word recognition,so Ms.Bouvier assumes she will score high on the rest of the test.It is clear that Ms.Bouvier believes in the ____________ factor of intelligence.

A)g
B)s
C)a
D)r

Question 71

Justin was an average student in school.He ultimately earned his college degree,barely maintaining a "C" average.He has since been named manager of a local retail store and is responsible for the store's unprecedented success.According to Sternberg,at what type of intelligence does Justin excel?

A)Social
B)Practical
C)Analytical
D)Creative

Question 72

Corrie is well liked by all her classmates.She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen whenever there are group projects.According to Sternberg,at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel?

A)Naturalistic
B)Practical
C)Analytical
D)Creative

Question 73

The type of intelligence that allows you to learn to play your first few notes on a saxophone is called

A)crystallized intelligence.
B)emotional intelligence.
C)abstract intelligence.
D)fluid intelligence.

Question 74

Which individual is most likely to resist the idea of Gardner's model of multiple intelligences?

A)A concert pianist
B)A professional football player
C)A college professor
D)An artist

Question 75

Whose theory suggests that Tiger Woods's ability to hit a golf ball might be considered a form of intelligence?

A)Spearman
B)Galton
C)Binet
D)Gardner

Question 76

It is the end of the month,and Janice still has three bills left: electricity,water,and her car payment.She only has enough money in her account to pay two of the three bills.According to Sternberg,which type of intelligence will she need to rely on to come up with a solution?

A)Analytical
B)Social
C)Creative
D)Practical

Question 77

According to Gardner's theory,with what type of intelligence should scores on the performance tests contained in the WAIS-III correlate?

A)Linguistic
B)Logico-mathematical
C)Spatial
D)Bodily-kinesthetic

Question 78

According to Spearman,it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math,reading scores,and visual perception tests.

A)general
B)emotional
C)crystallized
D)fluid

Question 79

According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence,which statement is true?

A)Creative intelligence is similar to crystallized intelligence.
B)Practical intelligence involves our ability to use original thinking to solve problems.
C)Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence.
D)Practical intelligence is similar to Gardner's naturalistic intelligence.

Question 80

What represents one of the difficulties with Gardner's theory of intelligence?

A)Replicability
B)Diversity
C)Accuracy
D)Falsifiability