Deck 11: Human Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

In order for embryos with an XY chromosome combination to develop primary male sex characteristics __________ must be present in the testes.

A) estrogens
B) androgens
C) metabolites
D) endocrines

Answer 1

androgens

Question 2

The process by which the embryo develops male genitalia by is initiated by __________

A) a single gene carried on the X chromosome of the mother.
B) a single gene carried on the X chromosome of the father.
C) a single gene carried on the Y chromosome of the father.
D) a single gene carried on the Y chromosome of the mother.

Answer 2

a single gene carried on the Y chromosome of the father.

Question 3

The primary sex characteristics develop as __________

A) the fetus is growing in the womb when hormones are released to stimulate certain types of development.
B) proper hormones in the mother's milk stimulate the growth of the sex organs.
C) the baby is raised as a male or female. The behavioral cues stimulate the baby to release the appropriate male or female hormones and develop as such.
D) during puberty.

Answer 3

the fetus is growing in the womb when hormones are released to stimulate certain types of development.

Question 4

Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic?

A) breasts
B) pubic hair
C) vagina
D) prostate gland

Question 5

One secondary male sex characteristic is __________

A) the penis.
B) facial and chest hair.
C) the testicles.
D) the scrotum.

Question 6

The primary male sex characteristic is the __________

A) penis.
B) scrotum.
C) testes.
D) All of these are male primary sex characteristics.

Question 7

In the male embryo, the primitive testes produce and secrete __________

A) dopamine.
B) endorphins.
C) androgens.
D) estrogen.

Question 8

The Sry gene on the Y chromosome sets into motion the process by which __________

A) the undifferentiated gonads of the embryo become ovaries.
B) the undifferentiated gonads of the embryo become testes.
C) the pituitary begins to secrete androgens, which cause the hypothalamus to become male differentiated.
D) the pituitary begins to secrete estrogens, which cause the hypothalamus to become female oriented.

Question 9

At about age 12, a girl comes to her mother and says that she is going through a great deal of bodily changes. Most likely the girl is talking about __________

A) diminishment of the primary sex characteristics.
B) development of secondary sex characteristics.
C) changes in the tertiary sex characteristics.
D) getting too skinny.

Question 10

The emergence of pubic hair is an example of __________

A) gender.
B) genitals.
C) primary sex characteristics.
D) secondary sex characteristics.

Question 11

In humans the sex chromosomes in a female are a(n) __________ combination, and in males they are a(n) __________ combination.

A) XY; XX
B) XX; XY
C) YY; XX
D) XX; YY

Question 12

One secondary male sex characteristic is __________

A) the penis.
B) a deep voice.
C) testicles.
D) scrotum.

Question 13

One secondary male sex characteristic is __________

A) the penis.
B) pubic hair.
C) the testicles.
D) the scrotum.

Question 14

A genetic female (XX) can develop male genitals if __________

A) too much estrogen is present during the embryonic stage.
B) too much androgen is present during the embryonic stage.
C) not enough androgen is present during the embryonic stage.
D) the hypothalamus fails to signal the pituitary to begin development of sex characteristics.

Question 15

A young boy develops facial and chest hair, pubic hair, and experiences a deepening of his voice. This happens because puberty is stimulating the development of his __________

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) male attachment characteristics.
D) reproductive signaling characteristics.

Question 16

The psychological and sociocultural definition of masculinity and femininity that is based on the expected behaviors for males and females is called __________

A) sex.
B) sex roles.
C) gender.
D) sex behavior.

Question 17

At puberty the __________ signals the pituitary to begin development of secondary sex characteristics.

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 18

__________ include the internal and/or external sex organs that are present at birth.

A) primary sex characteristics
B) innate sex characteristics
C) secondary sex characteristics
D) hormonally determined sex characteristics

Question 19

Most of the cases of children born with genital ambiguity are a result of __________

A) damage to either the X or Y chromosome.
B) inconsistency in gender role models.
C) excessive or deficient levels of androgens during the prenatal period.
D) excessive or deficient levels of estrogen during the prenatal period.

Question 20

Which female sex organ or process is present at birth?

A) breasts
B) pubic hair
C) vagina
D) menarche

Question 21

Which of the following does not describe one of the views of Terman and Miles regarding gender roles?

A) masculinity and femininity are opposite ends of a single dimension.
B) the masculinity-femininity dimension can be measured with psychological tests
C) a person who is high in masculinity is low in femininity and vice versa
D) a child acquires gender roles because they experience conflict regarding their feelings toward their parents

Question 22

Bobby, a second grader, has pictures of LeBron James all over his room. He tells his parents and friends that he wants to grow up to be just like LeBron. Which of Kohlberg's stages is Bobby likely in?

A) gender development
B) gender identity
C) gender stability
D) gender constancy

Question 23

A person who is described as intersexed is __________

A) an individual who is born with ambiguous sex organs.
B) an individual who is surgically reassigned at birth so that he or she seems to be of the sex opposite to what is expected from the chromosomes.
C) an individual with normal body development who cannot decide whether to act as a male or a female.
D) a homosexual.

Question 24

According to Freud, children's ideas about gender arise from __________

A) hormonal influences on brain development.
B) conflict about their feelings toward their parents.
C) observation of parental gender role behaviors.
D) experiences with other children and their play behaviors.

Question 25

A person who has a gender identity that is the opposite of his or her biological sex is __________

A) transgendered.
B) intersexed.
C) homosexual.
D) transsexual.

Question 26

Sandra Bem proposed that gender roles__________

A) include both heterosexual and homosexual feelings.
B) include both gender stability and gender constancy.
C) include both masculine and feminine dimensions.
D) can be basically neutral where a person is neither heterosexual nor homosexual.

Question 27

According to Kohlberg, children go through a series of stages in acquiring the concept of gender. Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages?

A) gender development
B) gender identity
C) gender stability
D) gender constancy

Question 28

A culture's expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as __________

A) homosexual.
B) heterosexual.
C) gender roles.
D) gender typing.

Question 29

A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a(n) __________

A) homosexual.
B) transvestite.
C) transsexual.
D) inverted sex role participant.

Question 30

According to learning theorists, children's ideas about gender roles develop from __________

A) hormonal influences on brain development.
B) children being reinforced or punished for various sex role behaviors.
C) maturation of brain development which results in hormonal influences on brain development and the ability to understand gender stability.
D) a series of stages in acquiring the concept of gender.

Question 31

Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave It to Beaver. After watching the show, they decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by __________

A) Freudian psychoanalysis.
B) Piaget's theory of development.
C) gender schema theory.
D) learning theory.

Question 32

What is the term for the condition in which a person is born with both male and female sex organs?

A) homosexuality
B) bisexuality
C) intrasexualism
D) true hermaphrodite

Question 33

A transgendered person who lives as the opposite gender on a full-time basis is known as a __________

A) transsexual.
B) hermaphrodite.
C) homosexual.
D) transvestite.

Question 34

What is responsible for most cases of intersex?

A) inconsistent gender role models during early childhood.
B) child sexual abuse.
C) chromosomal defects.
D) excessive levels of androgens during prenatal development.

Question 35

Carlos think of himself as independent and assertive, two characteristics that are associated with masculinity in his culture. According to the text, Carlos has a sense of __________ that is consistent with his biological sex.

A) gender preference.
B) gender typing.
C) gender identity.
D) cultural stereotype.

Question 36

Fifteen year old Latisha feels that she has been a "boy trapped in a girl's body" for as long as she can remember. She is learning about sexual reassignment surgery from her mother, who supports her daughter after taking her to a doctor who diagnosed her as being __________

A) gender roles disorder.
B) transgendered.
C) gender confusion disorder.
D) gender denial disorder.

Question 37

When children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?

A) Freudian psychoanalysis
B) Piaget's theory of development
C) gender schema theory
D) learning theory

Question 38

The process of determining in which sex a child with ambiguous genitalia should be reared is called __________

A) gender role decisions.
B) gender-schema development.
C) sex characteristic role development.
D) sex assignment.

Question 39

Sue sees her mother knitting a sweater. Later, Sue takes out a ball of yarn and some knitting needles from her mother's supplies and tries to do the same. This is a good example of the __________ theory of gender development.

A) gender schema theory
B) gender role theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) learning theory

Question 40

According to Kohlberg, what is the correct sequence children go through in acquiring the concept of gender?

A) gender development, gender stability, gender identity
B) gender stability, gender constancy, gender identity
C) gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy
D) gender constancy, gender stability, gender role

Question 41

According to research, which of the following variables show zero or near zero gender differences?

A) abstract reasoning
B) trust
C) spelling skills
D) physical aggression

Question 42

In her later work, Sandra Bem suggested that what her Sex Role Inventory really measured was __________ rather than gender roles.

A) heterosexuality
B) personality
C) instrumentality
D) overall socialization

Question 43

According to evolutionary theory gender roles develop __________

A) because children are not born with a gender schema.
B) because women have learned to want attractive men for mates.
C) because women have learned that more assertive men are better able to protect them.
D) those characteristics that have helped foster the survival of offspring get passed on.

Question 44

According to evolutionary psychologists, men are motivated to enter higher-paying fields in order to__________

A) earn prestige within their communities.
B) maximize challenge to their cognitive abilities.
C) attract young and fertile women.
D) best utilize their education.

Question 45

Evolutionary theory would have a difficult time explaining which of the following behaviors?

A) A group of 8-year-old boys pretend to play soldiers at war.
B) A group of 8-year-old girls are playing "house" and pretending to be mommies.
C) A 9-year-old girl thinks using make-up is silly because she is going to be a doctor and doctors don't need make-up in the operating room.
D) A 7-year-old boy tells his mother he wants to grow up to be a daddy and have a wife to take care of.

Question 46

Sam is a father of two children and has a career as a professor at a university. He is nurturing and sensitive to his children's needs, able to express emotions outwardly, independent and assertive, and thinks problems through calmly and logically. Sam is a good example of a person who is __________

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) transsexual.
D) androgynous.

Question 47

Gender schema theory is based on __________

A) Freudian psychoanalysis.
B) information-processing theory.
C) biological inheritance theory.
D) social learning theory.

Question 48

According to __________ theory, children have an information-processing system that determines how concepts about gender develop.

A) gender schema
B) psychoanalytic
C) learning
D) evolutionary

Question 49

According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, females have developed to view __________ as the most important feature in a potential mate.

A) protection and the ability to provide
B) youth
C) attractiveness
D) race

Question 50

A __________ is a concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female.

A) gender stereotype
B) sex role
C) gender role
D) sexual orientation

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT part of Sandra Bem's concept of a multidimensional approach to gender roles?

A) gender roles include masculine dimensions
B) gender roles include feminine dimensions
C) gender roles are a combination of masculine and feminine dimensions
D) people who are bisexual have a combination of masculine and feminine gender roles

Question 52

The tendency of children to develop a mental pattern for being male or female in much the same way they develop other concepts, such as "dog," "bird," and "big," can best be explained by __________

A) Freudian psychoanalysis.
B) Piaget's theory of development.
C) gender schema theory.
D) social learning theory.

Question 53

Shaquilla says that all men are insensitive and unemotional. She is probably expressing a __________

A) gender stereotype.
B) sex role.
C) gender role.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 54

How would the evolutionary perspective explain the fact that men across cultures rate women with a smaller waist-to-hip ratio as being more attractive?

A) they are more likely to have multiple-birth pregnancies
B) they are more likely to be able to successfully have children
C) their smaller waists accentuate the appearance of the size of their breasts
D) smaller WTH is associated with greater intelligence.

Question 55

Quentin is a stay-at-home dad who writes a syndicated sports column. He and his wife split the housework, the childcare duties and the cooking as much as possible, although Quentin does end up doing the "soccer mom" thing more than his wife as she is a trial lawyer and often out of the house. They are both very comfortable with this arrangement, and in terms of gender, it is likely they are also both __________

A) androgynous.
B) undifferentiated.
C) biased.
D) homosexual.

Question 56

Individuals who are __________ possess a combination of the desirable masculine and feminine traits.

A) androgynous
B) undifferentiated
C) gender biased
D) homosexual

Question 57

Test takers who identify with neither masculine nor feminine gender roles on Bem's Sex Role Inventory are classified as __________

A) androgynous.
B) asexual.
C) homosexual.
D) undifferentiated.

Question 58

Psychologist Sandra Bem (1975, 1981) developed the concept of __________

A) androgyny.
B) benevolent sexism.
C) social learning theory.
D) ambiguity.

Question 59

John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, John considers a wide variety of jobs, such as fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be __________

A) sexist.
B) narcissistic.
C) confused.
D) androgynous.

Question 60

Which of the following describes the gender schema theory of gender role development?

A) Gender roles are developed through observation and imitation of role models.
B) Gender roles are determined by natural selection.
C) Information-processing system influences how children develop concepts about gender.
D) Unconscious conflicts about parents influence gender role development.

Question 61

When comparing males and female cognitive abilities we should keep in mind that in general __________

A) the two genders are not different in any real meaningful way.
B) the differences within each gender are greater than the differences between genders.
C) the differences between genders are greater than the differences within genders.
D) the two genders are so remarkably different they cannot be compared fairly.

Question 62

Which of the following is thought to play a role in the enhancement of spatial abilities?

A) prenatal exposure to high levels of estrogens
B) early maturation
C) high mathematical ability
D) prenatal exposure to high levels of androgens

Question 63

According to surveys conducted by Wells and Twenge, approximately __________ percent of women polled in 1999 approved of premarital sex.

A) 25
B) 47
C) 76
D) 91

Question 64

When it comes to forms of indirect aggression, like spreading gossip and rumors or shunning and ignoring someone, research suggests that __________

A) men engage in more indirect forms of aggression than women.
B) there is no gender difference related to the use of indirect forms of aggression.
C) men engage in indirect aggression more often, but only towards women.
D) women engage in more indirect forms of aggression than men.

Question 65

Researchers have usually found that __________

A) females score higher on tests of verbal ability than males.
B) males score higher on tests of verbal ability than females.
C) there is no difference between males and females on tests of verbal ability.
D) verbal ability differences between males and females are due to differential watching of talk shows.

Question 66

According to researcher Jacqueline Eccles, expectations parents have regarding the skills of their children __________

A) may influence the eventual outcomes of those children's skills.
B) have no impact on skills development in children.
C) have resulted in the dramatic differences seen in math scores between male and female children.
D) result in girls being perceived as 'talented' and boys being perceived as 'hard working.'

Question 67

Which of the following stereotype is supported by the widely-held belief that all men have more math ability than all women?

A) men are genetically more intelligent than women
B) men thrive more effectively in higher-education settings than women
C) men are more powerful than women
D) men develop a larger right cerebral hemisphere than women

Question 68

Which of the following would NOT be a typical way for a female to display aggression?

A) spreading rumors about someone
B) hitting someone for spreading rumors about them
C) using rejection against someone
D) ignoring someone

Question 69

Martha works in advertising, and she has been advised to create a commercial for women's athletic shoes that will give both obvious and subtle messages to a viewer that these shoes are only for women. Which of the following would Martha not want to include in this commercial?

A) odd camera angles
B) pastel colors
C) slightly blurry images
D) high voices

Question 70

According to Suzanne Schlosberg, which of the following is a rule that women should always remember when trying to maximize their success at internet dating?

A) don't lie, ever
B)ask questions
C)don’t brag
D)do your homework before a date will

Question 71

Parental __________ theory suggests that gender differences in sexual attitudes and behavior are a function of the amount of time that men and/or women must devote to parenthood.

A) integration
B) locus
C) investment
D) upbringing

Question 72

Why isn't it true to say that males are aggressive but females aren't?

A) because in school, girls get into just as many fights as boys
B) because girls can be good at sports, too
C) because many men aren't aggressive
D) because women are aggressive, but not usually in a physical way

Question 73

Respondents to the Durex Global Sex Survey (2005) from which country reported the highest frequency of sexual intercourse within the previous year?

A) the United States of America
B)England
C)Italy
D)Greece

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a reason noted by researchers as to why boys do better than girls in math?

A) Girls think math is not important.
B) parental expectations
C) social influences
D) Girls believe they are more talented than boys.

Question 75

Research indicates the most consistent and prominent difference between males and females is a significant variation in levels of __________

A) mathematical ability.
B) spatial ability.
C) overall aggression.
D) physical aggression.

Question 76

Which researcher(s) is/are responsible for the publication of textbooks documenting the sexual behaviors of men and women in 1948 and 1953 respectively?

A) Janus and Janus
B) Kinsey
C) Masters and Johnson
D) LoPiccolo

Question 77

Which of the following statements regarding verbal ability and gender is incorrect?

A) females outscore males on verbal tasks on college entrance tests
B) girls outperform boys on reaching achievement tests throughout school years
C) spelling is a strength for girls as compared to boys
D) boys are weaker at writing than girls

Question 78

At which level of functioning does the stereotypical male advantage in math and spatial skills usually occur?

A) these advantages occur at every level of functioning
B) these advantages only occur in childhood, and disappear by adolescence
C) these advantages are only seen when comparing boys and girls with learning disabilities
D) these advantages only occur at the very highest levels of ability

Question 79

Which of the following areas are males somewhat stronger in than females?

A) self-esteem
B) verbal ability
C) social ability
D) spatial ability

Question 80

What type of research did Masters and Johnson primarily conduct?

A) face-to-face surveys
B) phone surveys
C) laboratory investigations
D) naturalistic observations