Deck 5: Socialization and Gender Roles

Question 1

A little girl watches her mother vacuum the floors in their house.She asks for a toy vacuum so that she can also clean house.According to social learning theory,the child is learning gender roles through

A)reinforcement.
B)imitation.
C)modeling.
D)maturation.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

People born with both male and female sex organs are called

A)transvestites.
B)intersexuals.
C)homosexuals.
D)transsexuals.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which theory maintains that people learn new attitudes,beliefs,and behaviors through social interaction as a result of reinforcement,imitation,and modeling?

A)gender-schema theory
B)social learning theory
C)cognitive development theory
D)gender-role stereotyping

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to social learning theory,a little boy who refuses to wear pink because a male friend of his was teased by his peers is learning gender roles through

A)direct reinforcement.
B)indirect reinforcement.
C)role modeling.
D)imitation.

Question 5

Which theory argues that children acquire male or female values on their own by thinking,reasoning,and interpreting information in their environment?

A)social learning theory
B)cognitive development theory
C)gender-schema theory
D)feminist theory

Question 6

In a(n)__________,women control cultural,political,and economic resources.

A)matriarchy
B)patriarchy
C)egalitarian society
D)bureaucracy

Question 7

According to social learning theory,children learn gender roles through all of the following except

A)reinforcement.
B)imitation.
C)modeling.
D)maturation.

Question 8

The hormone that is dominant in adult men is

A)progesterone.
B)estrogen.
C)testosterone.
D)femtrogen.

Question 9

From her studies of three tribes of New Guinea Margaret Mead concluded that attributes considered either feminine or masculine are

A)biologically determined.
B)neither determined by biology nor by learning.
C)probably very similar the world over.
D)culturally rather than biologically determined.

Question 10

Americans generally see women as

A)emotional.
B)strong.
C)independent.
D)aggressive.

Question 11

A person's perception of themselves as either masculine or feminine is called

A)gender identity.
B)gender nonconformity.
C)a gender role.
D)sex.

Question 12

Chemical substances secreted into the bloodstream by glands of the endocrine system are called

A)hormones.
B)drugs.
C)genes.
D)adrenaline.

Question 13

Male violence and aggression are more likely to occur in

A)matriarchal societies.
B)patriarchal societies.
C)egalitarian societies.
D)authoritarian societies.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about gender roles?

A)We learn to become male or female through interactions with family members and the larger society.
B)Our gender roles are determined by our genes.
C)Gender roles are fixed and unchangeable.
D)Different gender roles for men and women reflect innate biological differences.

Question 15

The hormone that is dominant in females is

A)progesterone.
B)estrogen.
C)testosterone.
D)femtrogen.

Question 16

According to those who argue that biology shapes our behavior,differences in male and female beliefs,attitudes,and behaviors are

A)innate.
B)learned.
C)due largely to environment.
D)very changeable.

Question 17

The __________ debate refers to the controversy over whether differences in the ways men and women behave reflect innate biological differences or social and cultural expectations.

A)testosterone-estrogen
B)gender roles
C)nature-nurture
D)identity

Question 18

The case of Brenda/David,where the baby boy who lost his penis and was raised as a girl,seems to lend credence to the idea that

A)nature is stronger than nurture in determining gender identity and sexual orientation.
B)nurture is stronger than nature in determining gender identity and sexual orientation.
C)nature and nurture are equally determine gender identity and sexual orientation.
D)gender identity can be changed if done soon enough after birth.

Question 19

__________________ is the study of how biology affects social behavior.

A)Sociobiology
B)Social learning theory
C)Cognitive development theory
D)Symbolic interactionism

Question 20

Sociobiological explanations of behavior differences between males and females are controversial because

A)they assume that male and female behaviors will vary considerably across cultures.
B)they argue that children develop gender roles over time.
C)there is hardly a single behavior that is not influenced socially.
D)they focus more on cognitive reasoning than contextual factors which affect behavior.

Question 21

According to the text,which of the following statements concerning the influence of peers is false?

A)Peer influence usually decreases as children get older.
B)Peers can teach each other new skills.
C)Peers can be important sources of social support.
D)Peer influence can be both positive and negative.

Question 22

A limitation of cognitive development theory is that it

A)focuses too much on the cultural context of behavior.
B)assumes most behavior is rational.
C)explains adult behaviors but not childhood behaviors.
D)says little about individual differences among children.

Question 23

If a father gives his son advice on how to play soccer and a mother tells her daughter that she is a good cook,the parents are engaging in

A)sex-stereotypical encouragement.
B)discrimination.
C)schematic differentiation.
D)critical commenting.

Question 24

A limitation of symbolic interactionism is that interactionists

A)credit people with more free will than they have.
B)tends to focus on macro-level or structural factors which affect our gender roles.
C)assume gender roles are totally unpredictable.
D)focus on childhood socialization rather than development across the life course.

Question 25

According to the text's discussion of advertising,

A)magazine ads are less sexist than they were two or three decades ago.
B)ads are now more likely to present women as working professionals.
C)advertising negatively affects women's views of their own bodies.
D)more realistic images of women's bodies are now being used.

Question 26

Which theory would argue that we "do gender," consciously and unconsciously,by accommodating our behavior to other people's gender role expectations.

A)Sociobiology
B)Social learning theory
C)Cognitive development theory
D)Symbolic interactionism

Question 27

_____________ is an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex,usually females,based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

A)Genderism
B)Homophobia
C)Sexism
D)Racism

Question 28

The person,usually the mother or a daughter,who spends a lot of time writing to family members,visiting friends and families,and organizing or holding family gatherings during holidays or for special events like birthdays and anniversaries is called a

A)kinkeeper.
B)communicator.
C)special events coordinator.
D)domestic.

Question 29

A criticism of social learning theory is that it puts too much emphasis on

A)communication.
B)rational behavior.
C)socialization occurring throughout one's life.
D)early socialization.

Question 30

Sociologist Erving Goffman coined the term ____________________ to refer to the information and cues we provide to others to present ourselves in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing our less appealing qualities.

A)behavior display
B)cognitive acting
C)impression management
D)stereotype performance

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a way that traditional gender roles are profitable for businesses?

A)The unpaid child care that women do mean that companies do not have to provide day care.
B)The emotional work that women do mean that companies do not have to pay for counseling.
C)With only one breadwinner,men will work extra unpaid hours to keep their jobs.
D)Women are less likely to take part-time jobs,leaving more jobs available for men.

Question 32

A _________________ consists of people who are similar in age,social status,and interests.

A)family
B)peer group
C)class
D)strata

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of traditional gender roles?

A)Husbands and wives can share economic and child rearing responsibilities.
B)Wives do not have to juggle jobs and housework.
C)Both parties in the relationship know what is expected of them.
D)Men in traditional relationships do not have to worry about household chores.

Question 34

According to cognitive development theory

A)children use cues to evaluate the behavior of others as either gender appropriate or not.
B)children are motivated to act in ways that promote individuality.
C)sex typing tends to be most rigid during adulthood.
D)people who have internalized sex-type standards tend to be more successful in changing them.

Question 35

According to the text's discussion of teachers,schools,and gender-related messages,

A)in elementary and middle schools,girls tend to be called on more often in class.
B)high school guidance counselors are more mindful of sex stereotyping and tend to avoid this behavior.
C)girls with disruptive behavior problems often receive less attention than boys with or without behavior problems.
D)counselors tend to steer girls into college preparatory classes instead of helping them find a job.

Question 36

In terms of parent/child communication styles which of the following is true?

A)Mothers talk less often with girls,giving them more room to explore their environment.
B)Fathers use more directives and more threatening language with boys than with girls.
C)Fathers tend to ask for compliance rather than demand it for both sons and daughters.
D)Both parents are more likely use more words about feelings and emotions when speaking to boys rather than girls.

Question 37

According to ___________________,gender roles are socially constructed categories that emerge in social situations.

A)Sociobiology
B)Social learning theory
C)Cognitive development theory
D)Symbolic interactionism

Question 38

When children play with same-sex peers,they are

A)less likely to be bullied.
B)less likely to fight and argue.
C)more likely to participate in gender-typed play.
D)less likely to worry about being popular.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a cost of traditional gender roles?

A)Men may come to resent a wife who refuses to contribute economically to the family.
B)The husband may be overwhelmed with his responsibilities as the sole breadwinner.
C)Women can expect little relief from tasks that may be exhausting and monotonous.
D)Women can be discouraged from leaving abusive relationships.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is NOT an assumption of feminist theories?

A)Many feminists view gender as a socially constructed role that is taught carefully and repeatedly.
B)Feminists argue that gender scripts result,over time,in valuing men more than women.
C)Feminists maintain that if people changed their individual attitudes about traditional roles,behavior will also change.
D)Feminists argue that gender scripts are more important in childhood than adulthood.

Question 41

According to the text's discussion of fathers and children,

A)many of today's fathers think they are doing a worse parenting job than their fathers did.
B)the amount of time employed fathers spend with their children under age 13 on workdays has increased.
C)the percentage of employed women who say that their husbands or intimate male partners take or share greater responsibility for child care has increased.
D)fathers are now just as likely as mothers to engage in custodial child-care activities.

Question 42

Cross-cultural studies of equality between men and women in societies around the world has shown that

A)most of the world's women live in countries that rank from "medium" to "bottom 10" on the Global Gender Gap Index.
B)the degree of equality between men and women is surprisingly similar from one society to another.
C)women are doing poorly in only a handful of countries.
D)since inequality exists in all societies gender roles must be biologically based rather than learned.

Question 43

Which of the following is true about sexual harassment?

A)Few women experience sexual harassment in the workplace.
B)Most women who are victims of sexual harassment complain.
C)Sexual harassment does not include joking.
D)Women who pursue sexual harassment lawsuits can do so at very little cost in time or money.

Question 44

Male violence is more likely to occur in matriarchal societies where men fear losing power to women.

Question 45

According to those who argue that social and cultural expectations shape our behavior,differences in male and female beliefs,attitudes,and behaviors are innate.

Question 46

Because gender roles are learned and not innate,we can change them.

Question 47

According to those who argue that biology shapes our behavior,differences in male and female beliefs,attitudes,and behaviors are very changeable.

Question 48

Which of the following is not a reason why so few women are in political office?

A)Women may be more likely to see themselves as supporters rather than movers and doers.
B)Women are less likely to receive encouragement to run for office from a political source.
C)Women face a lingering sexism that men are better leaders.
D)Women tend to see themselves as overqualified for political office.

Question 49

In countries that rank highest on the Global Gender Gap Index,

A)women and men are completely equal.
B)women do not experience sexual harassment.
C)there is still areas of inequality between men and women.
D)women earn more than men.

Question 50

Margaret Mead found that gender roles tend to be similar in most societies around the world.

Question 51

Cross-cultural research show much variation in the characteristics that are typically ascribed to men and to women.

Question 52

In what ways might androgyny be beneficial for men?

A)They could refrain from risky sexual behavior used to demonstrate sexual prowess.
B)They could become the sole breadwinners for their families.
C)They could be aggressive and assertive without reproach.
D)They could have clearer definitions about what it means to be a man.

Question 53

There are some documented biological differences between men and women.

Question 54

Gender refers to the biological characteristics with which we are born.

Question 55

Sociobiologists argue that most behaviors that are biologically based are also influenced by culture and society.

Question 56

Intersexuals are people born with both male and female sex organs.

Question 57

Of the nearly 800 million people in the world who are illiterate,the majority of them are women.

Question 58

People are born male or female but we learn to be either men or women.

Question 59

When both culturally defined masculine and feminine characteristics are blended within the same person,it is called

A)gender-role stereotyping.
B)hormonal imbalance.
C)homosexuality.
D)androgyny.

Question 60

______________________ is a collection of attitudinal or organizational biases in the workplace that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions.

A)Role discrimination
B)The division of labor
C)Sexual harassment
D)The glass ceiling

Question 61

Traditional gender roles cost businesses money because women who do not work or only work part time are less likely to spend money buying the business's goods and services.

Question 62

Parents usually are a child's first and most influential socialization agents.

Question 63

Traditional gender roles can have costs for men in that they may feel overwhelmed by his responsibilities as worker,husband,and father.

Question 64

Traditional gender roles can benefit men and women in that they provide stability,continuity,and predictability in relationships.

Question 65

Peer influence usually decreases as children grow older.

Question 66

Men and women are now doing about equal amounts of housework.

Question 67

Even when their behavior is disruptive,"problem boys" often receive less attention than do either well-behaved girls or "problem girls" as teachers expect boys to be active,noisy,and disruptive.

Question 68

For the most part,prime-time television characters now tend to be extremely diverse in terms of gender and race.

Question 69

According to feminist theories,gender scripts result,over time,in valuing men and women equally.

Question 70

A wife who comforts her husband who has had a bad day at work is playing an instrumental role in the family.

Question 71

Action figure toys can put boys at risk for developing the "Barbie syndrome" ---unrealistic expectations for their bodies.

Question 72

Cognitive development theory argues that children acquire female or male values on their own by thinking,reasoning,and interpreting information in their environment.

Question 73

Many women,especially those in lower-level positions,tolerate abuse at work because they do not want to lose their jobs.

Question 74

Fathers who have a religious affiliation are more likely than fathers with no religious affiliation to spend more time with their children.

Question 75

Symbolic interactionists argue that we learn gender roles individually and unconsciously.

Question 76

Men are more likely than women to be quoted as parenting experts in newspaper articles.

Question 77

Teenagers usually accurately assess their own popularity with their peers.

Question 78

The amount of time that employed fathers spend with their children under age 13 on workdays has increased.

Question 79

Social learning theory would argue that a young boy who grows up observing his father cooking dinner every night would learn that men can cook.

Question 80

Mothers tend to talk more to their sons than their daughters and comfort and hug their sons more often.