Deck 16: Organizational Culture

Question 1

"Stability" is one of the seven primary characteristics that captures the essence of an organization's culture. It indicates the degree to which ________.

A) management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to achieve them
B) work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals
C) organizational activities emphasize maintaining the status quo in contrast to growth
D) management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization
E) employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A strong culture should reduce employee turnover, because it results in ________.

A) a highly centralized organization
B) cohesiveness and organizational commitment
C) a highly formalized organization
D) narrow spans of control
E) an outcome-oriented organization

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between organizational culture and job satisfaction?

A) Job satisfaction is immeasurable, whereas organizational culture is measurable.
B) Organizational culture is static, whereas job satisfaction is dynamic.
C) Job satisfaction depends on the structure of the organization but organizational culture does not.
D) Organizational culture is descriptive, whereas job satisfaction is evaluative.
E) Job satisfaction depends upon the level of "power distance" in the country but organizational culture does not.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization are known as ________.

A) shared values
B) foundational traits
C) institutional traits
D) core values
E) unique values

Question 5

Manuel is a manager for a manufacturing company in which managers are expected to fully document all decisions, and it is important to provide detailed data to support any recommendations. Also, out-of-the-box thinking is dissuaded. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes this aspect of Manuel's job?

A) high people orientation
B) high aggressiveness
C) low outcome orientation
D) low team orientation
E) low risk taking

Question 6

Rogue Vogue Corp. is an apparel company. To keep up with the latest changes in the fashion industry, the company has to come up with innovative designs and follow strict timelines. The culture of the company values aggressiveness, innovation, and risk taking. The members of the organization accept these cultural values. They know exactly what is expected of them and these expectations go a long way in shaping their behavior. In addition to this, the culture of the marketing department is outcome oriented and the finance department emphasizes attention to detail.
The organizational culture of Rogue Vogue Corp. is an example of a(n) ________.

A) reflective culture
B) autocratic culture
C) dominant culture
D) subculture
E) highly formalized culture

Question 7

Jean works for Fahrenheit Publishing which is a publisher of scientific journals. The company is dominated by low risk taking and high attention to detail. Jean's department is committed to high team orientation and provides many team-building activities in which Jean and other department members work together and socialize. Which of the following statements best describes Jean's department?

A) Jean's department's culture is undefined.
B) Jean's department has developed a subculture.
C) Jean's department's culture has low stability.
D) Jeans department is an example of a primary microcosm.
E) Jean's department's culture is stronger than the dominant culture in the organization.

Question 8

________ are indicators of a strong organizational culture.

A) Narrowly defined roles
B) High rates of employee turnover
C) Widely shared values
D) High levels of dissension
E) Completely horizontal organizational charts

Question 9

In addition to the organizational culture, the finance department emphasizes attention to detail. In this example, attention to detail is a part of the ________ of the organization.

A) dominant culture
B) foundational values
C) core values
D) subculture
E) significant traits

Question 10

The key characteristic of organizational culture that addresses the degree to which people are competitive rather than easygoing is termed ________.

A) risk taking
B) team orientation
C) assertiveness
D) aversiveness
E) aggressiveness

Question 11

Which of the following is most likely to result from a strong organizational culture?

A) low behavioral control resulting from the climate within the organization
B) low employee turnover
C) high absenteeism
D) low organizational commitment
E) low employee satisfaction

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding an organization's culture?

A) Large organizations rarely have subcultures.
B) Subcultures and dominant cultures do not share any common values.
C) Organizational culture is evaluative rather than descriptive.
D) A dominant culture expresses the core values shared by a majority of the organization's members.
E) A strong culture reduces employee satisfaction and increases employee turnover.

Question 13

Danny's boss is apathetic to whether Danny works at home, at the office, or from his beach house. All he cares about is that the project is completed on time, on budget, and with exemplary quality. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes this aspect of Danny's job?

A) high attention to detail
B) low risk taking
C) low aggressiveness
D) high outcome orientation
E) high stability

Question 14

A culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization's members is known as a(n) ________ culture.

A) unique
B) primary
C) dominant
D) fundamental
E) essential

Question 15

Porco Rosso, an aircraft manufacturer with a strong presence in the United States, is looking to expand its market overseas. The firm currently sells its aircraft to several airlines in the United Kingdom, but now wants to establish manufacturing units there as well in order to acquire a bigger share in the European market. Hence, it plans to merge with QueenAir, a British aircraft manufacturer. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the company's decision to merge with QueenAir?

A) A competitor in the U.S. market recently went out of business.
B) There is increasing economic uncertainty in its U.S. market.
C) There is a striking difference in the organizational cultures of the two firms.
D) The preferences of airline customers in Europe and the U.S. are similar.
E) Merging with QueenAir would increase its profits considerably.

Question 16

Which of the following characteristics of an organization's culture indicates the degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization?

A) stability
B) people orientation
C) outcome orientation
D) team orientation
E) attention to detail

Question 17

Based on the information in the example, we can say that Rogue Vogue ________.

A) has a strong culture
B) is a virtual organization
C) is a highly decentralized organization
D) is a boundaryless organization
E) is a matrix organization

Question 18

Rogue Vogue Corp. is an apparel company. To keep up with the latest changes in the fashion industry, the company has to come up with innovative designs and follow strict timelines. The culture of the company values aggressiveness, innovation, and risk taking. The members of the organization accept these cultural values. They know exactly what is expected of them and these expectations go a long way in shaping their behavior. In addition to this, the culture of the marketing department is outcome oriented and the finance department emphasizes attention to detail.
Aggressiveness, innovation, and risk taking are called the ________ of the culture at the Rogue Vogue Corp.

A) unique values
B) institutional traits
C) foundational values
D) significant traits
E) core values

Question 19

Cultures that tend to develop in large organizations to reflect common problems or experiences faced by the members in the same department or location are often called ________.

A) divisional cultures
B) countercultures
C) micro-cultures
D) subcultures
E) microcosms

Question 20

A strong culture can act as a substitute for which of the following?

A) centralization
B) socialization
C) institutionalization
D) formalization
E) social support

Question 21

Culture is most likely to be a liability when ________.

A) the organization's management is highly efficient
B) the employees of the organization are highly skilled
C) the organization is highly centralized
D) the organization's environment is dynamic
E) the organization scores low on the degree of formalization

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true regarding the functions of culture in an organization?

A) It reduces distinctions between one organization and others.
B) It reduces the stability of the organizational system.
C) It does not affect employees' attitudes and behavior.
D) It conveys a sense of identity for organization members.
E) It hinders the generation of commitment to something larger than individual self-interest among employees.

Question 23

The ________ process helps candidates learn about the organization, and if employees perceive a conflict between their values and those of the organization, they can remove themselves from the applicant pool.

A) performance evaluation
B) selection
C) training
D) institutionalization
E) orientation

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true regarding the establishment of the organizational culture and its effects on the organization?

A) Employees organized in teams always show greater allegiance to the values of the organization as a whole than to their team and its values.
B) Culture acts as a control mechanism and guides the behavior of employees.
C) Cultures reduce the stability of the social system in an organization.
D) In a virtual organization a strong culture can be established quickly and easily.
E) Today's trend toward decentralized organizations makes it is easier to establish a strong culture.

Question 25

Top management has a major impact on the organization's culture by ________.

A) establishing norms that filter down through the organization
B) ensuring a proper match of personal and organizational values
C) providing a framework for metamorphosis of new hires
D) properly rewarding employees' initiatives
E) socializing new applicants in the pre-hiring phase

Question 26

Rainbow Corp. hires a new secretary, Polonova, who differs from the vast majority of the company's employees in terms of her ethnicity. The company has a collectivist culture with a culturally diverse workforce and several policies to support the minorities. Yet after a few weeks, she quits the company. Which of the following, if true, helps explain why she quit?

A) Polonova has a strong sense of personal ambition and independence.
B) Rainbow Corp. recently had a huge turnover and plans to expand its market.
C) Polonova is more likely to conform to others' ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own.
D) All secretaries, regardless of their gender, are paid equal salaries at Rainbow Corp.
E) Polonova is gregarious and comfortable in changing contexts and ambiguous situations.

Question 27

During the ________ stage, a new employee compares her expectations with the realities in the organization.

A) post-encounter
B) encounter
C) prearrival
D) post-arrival
E) metamorphosis

Question 28

The process of socialization consists of three stages. Which of the following is one of these three stages?

A) metamorphosis
B) preencounter
C) post-encounter
D) evaluation
E) post-arrival

Question 29

Grace works for a pet store where everyone is committed to the happiness of the animals. Often employees, bosses, and hourly workers alike, come into the store "off the clock" and spend time training the animals. Everyone loves the store, the animals, and their jobs. This attitude of her co-workers inspires Grace to do her best. Based on this information, we can say that Grace is experiencing the effects of ________.

A) decentralization
B) organizational climate
C) high work specialization
D) low formalization
E) high departmentalization

Question 30

________ is a process that helps new employees adapt to the prevailing organizational culture.

A) Formalization
B) Satisficing
C) Socialization
D) Social loafing
E) Reciprocal interdependence

Question 31

In ________ organizations, the lack of frequent face-to-face contact makes establishing a common set of norms very difficult.

A) matrix
B) highly formalized
C) highly centralized
D) virtual
E) boundaryless

Question 32

The ultimate source of an organization's culture is ________.

A) its environment
B) its top management
C) the sociocultural backgrounds of its employees
D) its founders
E) the country in which the organization operates

Question 33

The selection process helps sustain the organization's culture by ________.

A) hiring candidates who fit well within the organization
B) developing performance evaluation criteria
C) rewarding conformity
D) establishing and enforcing norms
E) socializing the new employees

Question 34

When formal authority and control systems are reduced, the ________ provided by a strong culture ensures that everyone is pointed in the same direction.

A) rules and regulations
B) rituals
C) shared meaning
D) socialization
E) rigid hierarchy

Question 35

If there is a basic conflict between the individual's expectations and the reality of working in an organization, the employee is most likely to be disillusioned and quit during the ________ stage of socialization.

A) post-encounter
B) prearrival
C) post-arrival
D) metamorphosis
E) encounter

Question 36

________ refers to the shared perceptions organizational members have about their organization and work environment.

A) Groupthink
B) Microcosm
C) Organizational apprehension
D) Organizational climate
E) Institutionalization

Question 37

A(n) ________ organization is an organization that takes on a life of its own, apart from its founders or members and is valued for itself and not for the goods or services it produces.

A) virtual
B) institutionalized
C) centralized
D) matrix
E) boundaryless

Question 38

Stacy's, a chain of discount stores in Washington, employs thousands of people and pays most of them at the minimum wage rate. Following a federally mandated increase of the minimum wage rate, Stacy's operating costs increased considerably. Yet, the chain's profits increased markedly. Which of the following, if true, helps explain this situation?

A) Over half of Stacy's operating costs consist of payroll expenditures; yet only a small percentage of those expenditures go to pay management salaries.
B) Recently, two new competitors entered the market.
C) Stacy's customer base is made up primarily of people who earn a minimum wage or who depend on the earnings of others who earn a minimum wage.
D) Stacy's operating costs, other than wages, increased substantially after the increase in the minimum wage rate went into effect.
E) Stacy's plans to expand its market by opening stores in the states of Oregon, Idaho and Nevada.

Question 39

The ________ stage of the socialization process explicitly recognizes that each individual the organization comes across during the selection process has a set of values, attitudes, and expectations about both the work to be done and the organization.

A) prearrival
B) post-encounter
C) metamorphosis
D) post-arrival
E) preencounter

Question 40

Identify the correct order of stages in the socialization process.

A) prearrival, arrival, post-arrival
B) encounter, metamorphosis, post-encounter
C) metamorphosis, preencounter, arrival
D) prearrival, arrival, evaluation
E) prearrival, encounter, metamorphosis

Question 41

Which of the following steps could your supervisor take to best help you develop a commitment to your new company?

A) encourage you to work independently at first to learn the ropes
B) encourage you to develop friendship ties within the organization
C) discourage you from putting too much emphasis on your perception of the organization
D) encourage you to look carefully at your own assumptions, which may be biased
E) explain the rules and policies of the organization to you

Question 42

Apprenticeship is an example of ________ socialization.

A) divestiture
B) investiture
C) variable
D) serial
E) informal

Question 43

Company chants are examples of ________.

A) stories
B) rituals
C) business strategies
D) company policies
E) material symbols

Question 44

Which of the following types of socialization involves putting the new employee directly into the job, with little or no special attention?

A) investiture socialization
B) collective socialization
C) fixed socialization
D) serial socialization
E) informal socialization

Question 45

You are new to an organization and do not really know what to expect about the socialization process. You recently received your MBA and have an undergraduate degree in computer science. Your new firm is a software development company with an emphasis in the healthcare industry. Your hiring process included campus interviews, a daylong trip for an interview at the company, an offer phone call and letter, and some promotional material sent via the mail. When you arrive for your first day at work, you spend half a day in an orientation session that is conducted by the human resources department, where you complete paperwork and receive a company handbook. Then you spend the rest of the day with your supervisor, who gives you a tour, introduces you to your co-workers, and explains your first project. After that, you begin working and getting to know the others in the company. You find that in most respects, your experience fits your expectations, but in some ways you are surprised by realities that you hadn't expected. None of these surprises is too difficult to accept, so you eventually begin to feel at home and happy with your new job.
Your first day at work is a part of the ________ stage of socialization.

A) prearrival
B) encounter
C) metamorphosis
D) post-encounter
E) orientation

Question 46

You are new to an organization and do not really know what to expect about the socialization process. You recently received your MBA and have an undergraduate degree in computer science. Your new firm is a software development company with an emphasis in the healthcare industry. Your hiring process included campus interviews, a daylong trip for an interview at the company, an offer phone call and letter, and some promotional material sent via the mail. When you arrive for your first day at work, you spend half a day in an orientation session that is conducted by the human resources department, where you complete paperwork and receive a company handbook. Then you spend the rest of the day with your supervisor, who gives you a tour, introduces you to your co-workers, and explains your first project. After that, you begin working and getting to know the others in the company. You find that in most respects, your experience fits your expectations, but in some ways you are surprised by realities that you hadn't expected. None of these surprises is too difficult to accept, so you eventually begin to feel at home and happy with your new job.
The information that you receive during the interviewing and hiring process is a part of the ________ stage of employee socialization.

A) post-encounter
B) preencounter
C) prearrival
D) metamorphosis
E) encounter

Question 47

When you begin to notice things that are not as you expected, you are in the ________ stage of socialization.

A) prearrival
B) encounter
C) metamorphosis
D) post-arrival
E) orientation

Question 48

________ socialization tries to strip away certain characteristics of the recruit.

A) Divestiture
B) Fixed
C) Collective
D) Random
E) Formal

Question 49

Your supervisor provides you a mentor to help you with your work and guide you. This shows that your supervisor is using a(n) ________ socialization technique.

A) variable
B) divestiture
C) serial
D) informal
E) random

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true about formal socialization?

A) In formal socialization, new employees are left on their own to figure things out.
B) Apprenticeship and mentoring programs are examples of formal socialization.
C) Formal socialization involves socializing the new members individually.
D) Formal socialization lacks a fixed time schedule.
E) Specific orientation and training programs are examples of formal socialization.

Question 51

Bruce is new at Wayne Corp., but after a week he already knows that the founder of the corporation started the business in his garage with only $4,000 and one client. This information was most likely transmitted to Bruce by way of ________.

A) rituals
B) corporate chants
C) organizational charts
D) material symbols
E) stories

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true regarding random socialization?

A) Random socialization is carried out per a fixed time schedule.
B) In random socialization, new employees are left on their own to figure things out.
C) Random socialization tries to strip away certain characteristics of the recruit.
D) Random socialization involves socializing the newcomers in groups.
E) Specific orientation and classroom training programs are examples of random socialization.

Question 53

During the socialization process, to work out any problems discovered during the encounter stage, the new member changes or goes through the ________ stage.

A) analysis
B) metamorphosis
C) post-encounter
D) post-arrival
E) evaluation

Question 54

Company chants are used to ________.

A) transmit company culture to employees
B) update employees regarding performance of the company
C) inform employees about changes in rules and policies
D) inform employees about latest technologies
E) communicate company strategies to the employees

Question 55

Higgins has recently joined a new law firm expecting to participate in exciting environmental law cases and cutting edge research. After one month at the firm, he still hasn't been assigned a case and spends most of his time filing standardized appeals for title disputes with insurance companies. In which stage of the socialization process is Higgins?

A) post-arrival
B) post-encounter
C) encounter
D) prearrival
E) metamorphosis

Question 56

________ socialization assumes that the newcomer's qualities and qualifications are the necessary ingredients for job success, so these qualities and qualifications are confirmed and supported.

A) Variable
B) Investiture
C) Formal
D) Collective
E) Serial

Question 57

Which of the following can act as a common denominator to unite members of a given culture or subculture?

A) bureaucratic organizational structure
B) narrow span of control
C) 360-degree appraisals
D) mechanistic organizational structure
E) jargons and acronyms that are specific to the organization

Question 58

________ typically contain narratives about the organization's founders, rule breaking, or reactions to past mistakes.

A) Material symbols
B) Stories
C) Rituals
D) Organizational charts
E) Corporate chants

Question 59

By the end of the ________ stage of socialization, the new members internalize and accept the norms of the organization and their work group, are confident in their competence, and feel trusted and valued by their peers.

A) encounter
B) post-arrival
C) metamorphosis
D) establishment
E) adaptation

Question 60

When you start to accept the differences between your expectations and the reality of the organization, you move into the ________ stage of socialization.

A) metamorphosis
B) post-encounter
C) prearrival
D) acceptance
E) post-arrival

Question 61

Larry has an employee who is amazing at clearly seeing rules and enforcing them. He has recently promoted her to the lead position in quality assurance. Which method of creating a positive organizational culture is Larry utilizing?

A) rewarding more than punishing
B) transmitting organizational culture through rituals
C) building on employee strengths
D) using standardized practices
E) building on organization strengths

Question 62

Which of the following terms refers to the recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community?

A) dominant culture
B) outcome orientation
C) workplace spirituality
D) subculture
E) fundamental mechanism

Question 63

AskSocrates Inc. employees are allowed to dress informally. This is an example of a ________ through which organizational culture is transmitted.

A) material symbol
B) symbolic act
C) fundamental mechanism
D) ritual
E) primary procedure

Question 64

Pam works for a corporation that recently fired three top managers who were caught using the company credit cards to lavishly furnish their offices and even purchase "office" furniture that was found in their personal homes. Which method of maintaining an ethical culture is Pam's company pursuing?

A) communicate ethical expectations
B) provide protective mechanisms
C) serve as a visible role model
D) provide ethical training
E) visibly punish unethical acts

Question 65

How can U.S. managers be culturally sensitive?

A) by listening more
B) by talking in a high tone of voice
C) by discussing politics frequently
D) by speaking quickly
E) by indulging in frequent discussions about religion

Question 66

Aggressiveness is one of the seven primary characteristics of organizational culture that capture the essence of an organization's culture. It indicates the degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks.

Question 67

When Mary joins Wayne Enterprises, she is made to sign an agreement including the "non-compete clause" (an agreement where the employee promises not to work for a competing firm for a set period after leaving his or her current employer), as a condition of her employment. Though courts nowadays are increasingly ruling that these agreements are not binding, most competitor firms are unwilling to consider hiring Mary during the period covered by the agreement. Which of the following, if true, explains this situation?

A) Most companies consider their employees' established relationships with clients and other people outside the company to be valuable company assets.
B) The companies' main source of new employees tends to be people who are already employed by competing firms.
C) Most companies will not risk getting involved in lawsuits, even suits that they expect to have a favorable outcome.
D) Most companies that require their employees to sign agreements not to compete are aware that these documents are not legally binding.
E) Most people who have signed such agreements are willing to renege on a promise by going to work for a competing firm.

Question 68

Alcoa headquarters has few individual offices, even for senior executives. The space is essentially made up of cubicles, common areas, and meeting rooms. This informality conveys to employees that Alcoa values ________.

A) equality
B) rigidity
C) competitiveness
D) formalization
E) autocracy

Question 69

An organizational culture most likely to shape high ethical standards among its members is one that ________.

A) is high in aggressiveness
B) balances the rights of multiple stakeholders
C) takes a short-term perspective
D) focuses only on outcomes
E) is low in risk tolerance

Question 70

All societies are divided into several economic roles. The values of a society are embodied in the people who fill various economic roles. Therefore, the introduction of labor saving technology like automation makes certain economic roles obsolete. This tends to undermine the values in that society. Which of the following can be concluded on the basis of the information above?

A) If societies are shielded from technological advancement, they will possess unchanging values.
B) Technology doesn't undermine the values in a social system.
C) A technological innovation that is implemented in a society foreign to the one in which it was developed will tend to undermine the society in which it is developed.
D) Technology cannot eliminate economic roles in a society whose values are insusceptible to change.
E) A technologically advanced society will eliminate all values on the prestige associated with an economic role.

Question 71

Organizations that promote a spiritual culture ________.

A) use stories for transmitting the organizational culture to the employees
B) tend to downplay the importance of employee satisfaction
C) de-emphasize community differences within the organization
D) recognize that people seek to find meaning and purpose in their work
E) use wide spans of control

Question 72

Individuals with different backgrounds or at different levels in the organization will tend to describe the organization's culture in similar terms.

Question 73

Ask Socrates Inc. is a computer software company that employs highly intelligent, but somewhat unusual people. Every Friday, free lollipops, toys, or other treats are given out to encourage employees to remember how creative they were when they were children. All the new members of the organization are told about the founders who were three young people who "got lucky" and sold a video game that they invented. The employees are allowed to dress informally and can set their own working hours.
The regular distribution of lollipops, toys, or treats every Friday is an example of a ________ that helps reinforce AskSocrates' culture.

A) protective mechanism
B) dominant mechanism
C) primary process
D) fundamental procedure
E) ritual

Question 74

Ask Socrates Inc. is a computer software company that employs highly intelligent, but somewhat unusual people. Every Friday, free lollipops, toys, or other treats are given out to encourage employees to remember how creative they were when they were children. All the new members of the organization are told about the founders who were three young people who "got lucky" and sold a video game that they invented. The employees are allowed to dress informally and can set their own working hours.
Which of the following is most likely to be used by Ask Socrates Inc. to inform its new employees about its founders?

A) corporate chants
B) stories
C) organizational charts
D) rituals
E) material symbols

Question 75

A positive organizational culture emphasizes ________.

A) the use of rituals in transmitting organizational culture
B) individual vitality and growth
C) the significance of highly centralized management
D) organizational standardization and institutionalization
E) the use of negative reinforcement and punishment

Question 76

Attention to detail is a primary characteristic of an organization's culture that indicates the degree to which management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to achieve them.

Question 77

Liz is the lead editor for a small, city newspaper. One of her advertising sales representatives is pulling in a lot of restaurant clients. Liz realizes that the representative is quite knowledgeable about food and speaks quite elegantly when describing different dishes. She has begun discussing with the representative the possibility of collaborating with a writer to include a weekly restaurant review, which includes the representative on the byline. After the first couple of reviews, the representative is able to increase ad sizes and sales. He is very happy with his new job diversification. Which aspect of creating a positive organizational culture is Liz utilizing?

A) using narrow spans of control
B) emphasizing individual vitality and growth
C) rewarding more than punishing
D) building on organization strengths
E) creating loose management oversight

Question 78

Patricia is a team leader. When looking at an e-mail from one of her team members, Patricia noticed that the e-mail was sent at nine-thirty in the evening. The next day she personally went to the employee's cubicle and told him how much she appreciated him staying late to get the project to the client on time. Which aspect of creating a positive organizational culture is Patricia utilizing?

A) emphasizing individual growth
B) providing extrinsic rewards
C) building on employee strengths
D) building on organization strengths
E) rewarding more than punishing

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true regarding effects of national culture on organizational culture and ethical behavior within organization?

A) Most U.S. managers do not view profit maximization as a moral obligation.
B) Organizational cultures rarely reflect national culture.
C) Organizations can safely ignore local culture while establishing its operation in another country.
D) Generally, U.S. managers see bribery, nepotism, and favoring personal contacts as highly unethical.
E) As compared to managers in the United States, managers in developing economies are less likely to see ethical decisions as embedded in a social environment.

Question 80

Subcultures act to undermine the dominant culture.