Question 1

The best way to prevent observer-and participant-expectancy effects is to conduct a:&#10;A) case study.&#10;B) double-blind study.&#10;C) quasi-experiment.&#10;D) longitudinal study.

Accepted Answer

A double-blind study is the best way to prevent observer- and participant-expectancy effects as it involves both the participants and the researchers not knowing who is receiving the treatment or the placebo. This eliminates biases in both parties and reduces the chances of expectancy effects influencing the results.

Question 2

__________ studies seek to determine the frequency,distribution,and causes of disease or health outcomes.&#10;A) Experimental&#10;B) Epidemiological&#10;C) Observational&#10;D) Descriptive

Accepted Answer

Epidemiological studies are designed to investigate the incidence, prevalence, and causes of diseases or health outcomes in a population. They involve analyzing data from large groups of people to identify patterns and risk factors associated with the disease or condition. Experimental studies typically involve the manipulation of a variable to determine its effect on an outcome, while observational and descriptive studies are more focused on observing and describing characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

Question 3

A relative risk of 0.50 means that the incidence or prevalence rate of a condition in the group exposed to a specific risk factor is ___________ that of those in an unexposed group.&#10;A) half&#10;B) equal to&#10;C) twice&#10;D) four times as high as

Accepted Answer

A relative risk of 0.50 means that the incidence or prevalence rate of a condition in the group exposed to a specific risk factor is half that of those in an unexposed group.

Question 4

The research method that compares a group of people who have a certain disease or condition with a group of people who do NOT have the disease or condition is the:&#10;A) randomized clinical trial.&#10;B) baseline study.&#10;C) retrospective study.&#10;D) prospective study.

Accepted Answer

The research method described is a retrospective study, as it involves looking back at past data and comparing two groups. A randomized clinical trial involves randomly assigning participants to different treatments, a baseline study evaluates a population at a single point in time, and a prospective study looks at a group of people over time to see if certain factors affect their health outcomes.

Question 5

A _________ study compares representative groups of people of various ages on a particular variable.&#10;A) sequence&#10;B) cross-sectional&#10;C) longitudinal&#10;D) cohort

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional study compares different age groups at the same point in time, while a longitudinal study follows the same group over time. A cohort study involves following a specific group of people who share a common characteristic or experience. A sequence study involves studying a single group at multiple points in time, but the group may not be representative of the larger population. Therefore, the best choice for a study comparing representative groups of people of various ages on a particular variable is a cross-sectional study.

Question 6

The rate of ______ refers to the total number of cases of a specific illness in a given group of people at a given time.&#10;A) mortality&#10;B) incidence&#10;C) prevalence&#10;D) morbidity

Accepted Answer

Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a specific illness in a given group of people at a given time.

Question 7

The __________ is the behavior or mental process in an experiment that may change in response to manipulations of the __________.&#10;A) independent variable;dependent variable&#10;B) dependent variable;independent variable&#10;C) random variable;dependent variable&#10;D) cause;researcher

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the behavior or mental process that is being measured and is expected to change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher. Option A describes the correct relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Option C mentions a random variable, which is a variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher and may interfere with the results. Option D is incorrect as the cause is not a variable in an experiment, and the researcher is not a part of the experiment's variables.

Question 8

The central feature of scientific inquiry is:&#10;A) cause-and-effect relationships.&#10;B) common-sense explanations.&#10;C) critical thinking.&#10;D) epidemiology.

Accepted Answer

Critical thinking is a fundamental aspect of scientific inquiry, involving a systematic approach to problem-solving, data analysis, and hypothesis testing. While cause-and-effect relationships are a key focus of scientific investigation, they are not the sole feature of scientific inquiry. Common-sense explanations may be useful but are not always reliable or evidence-based, and epidemiology is a specific branch of scientific inquiry focused on the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.

Question 9

The gold standard of biomedical research is the:&#10;A) prospective study.&#10;B) randomized clinical trial.&#10;C) retrospective study.&#10;D) ex post facto study.

Accepted Answer

The gold standard of biomedical research is the randomized clinical trial. This type of study involves randomizing participants into different groups, one of which receives the intervention being tested and the other a placebo or standard treatment. This randomization helps to minimize bias and confounding variables, making the results more reliable and valid. Prospective studies and retrospective studies are also commonly used in biomedical research, but they have limitations such as recall bias and the inability to control for confounding variables to the same extent as randomized clinical trials. Ex post facto studies are observational studies that compare groups that have already been exposed to a particular factor, making them less reliable than randomized clinical trials in determining causality.

Question 10

The study of Darryl Kile and his sudden death is an example of a(n)__________ study.&#10;A) observational&#10;B) case&#10;C) epidemiological&#10;D) critical

Accepted Answer

A case study is an in-depth analysis of an individual or a small group of individuals. In this case, the study focuses on the sudden death of Darryl Kile, a professional baseball player.

Question 11

If you were born in 1990,you share a(n)__________ with others born in 1990.&#10;A) subject variable&#10;B) cohort&#10;C) control group&#10;D) experimental group

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you were born in 1990,you share...

Question 12

A quasi experiment employs a(n)__________ variable.&#10;A) independent&#10;B) dependent&#10;C) subject&#10;D) disease

Accepted Answer

The answer of A quasi experiment employs a(n)__________ variable.&#10;A) independent&#10;B)...

Question 13

Which is an incorrect statement about correlation research?&#10;A) There can be no causation without correlation.&#10;B) There can be no correlation without causation.&#10;C) Correlations identify relationships that later may be subject to experimental study.&#10;D) The relationship between two negatively correlated variables can either be weak or strong.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which is an incorrect statement about correlation...

Question 14

Which research method involves the statistical combination of the results of many studies?&#10;A) meta-analysis&#10;B) descriptive study&#10;C) observational study&#10;D) quasi experiment

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which research method involves the statistical combination...

Question 15

The statistical measure of the relationship between two variables is expressed as a:&#10;A) t score.&#10;B) standard deviation.&#10;C) correlation coefficient.&#10;D) comparison coefficient.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The statistical measure of the relationship between...

Deck 2: A: Research in Health Psychology