Deck 12: B: Hiv/Aids and Other Communicable Diseases

Question 1

The initial spread of AIDS among IV drug users and gay men is believed to have occurred because:

A) these are small,closed populations in which an individual is more likely to be exposed to the virus repeatedly.
B) these groups tend to engage in many other high-risk behaviors.
C) immunocompetence is already low among these groups.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

these are small,closed populations in which an individual is more likely to be exposed to the virus repeatedly.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the epidemiology of AIDS in the United States?

A) AIDS has taken the greatest toll on young,European-American men.
B) The rate of AIDS among women is increasing at a faster rate than that of men.
C) African-American and Hispanic women account for 78 percent of AIDS cases in women in the United States.
D) In 2003,82 percent of the persons living with AIDS in the United States were men.

Answer 2

AIDS has taken the greatest toll on young,European-American men.

Question 3

AIDS is:

A) a variety of genital herpes.
B) a sexually transmitted infections.
C) caused by bacteria.
D) a self-limiting,bacterial infection.

Answer 3

a sexually transmitted infections.

Question 4

The main transmission route for HIV among African-Americans is:

A) high-risk sexual contact.
B) male-female sexual contact.
C) IV drug use.
D) blood transfusion.

Question 5

HIV and AIDS are commonly found in heterosexuals and equally distributed among men and women in:

A) Western Europe.
B) Asia.
C) North Africa.
D) sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean.

Question 6

Ethnic and racial differences in rates of HIV transmission are thought to reflect:

A) genetic differences in vulnerability to viral infection.
B) physiological differences in immune responsiveness.
C) sociocultural differences in drug use.
D) health disparities in access to health care.

Question 7

_______________ transmission of HIV through vaginal intercourse is far more common than is ______________ transmission.

A) Male-to-female;female-to-male
B) Female-to-male;male-to-female
C) Young adult;older adult
D) Older adult;young adult

Question 8

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)is:

A) a mutated form of pneumonia that first appeared in Central America.
B) a viral disease that appeared around 1980.
C) a rare form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1700s.
D) a bacterial infection that passed from chimpanzees to humans.

Question 9

Hemophilia is a genetic disease in which:

A) the blood fails to clot quickly enough.
B) DNA mutations occur much more often than usual.
C) the immune system is unable to manufacture CD4 cells.
D) there is an abnormal thinning of lymph tissue.

Question 10

AIDS was first discovered when a group of individuals was diagnosed with symptoms of:

A) leukemia.
B) multiple sclerosis.
C) Kaposi's sarcoma.
D) a highly infectious skin rash.

Question 11

Which of the following groups in North America and Western Europe are most commonly affected by HIV?

A) IV drug users
B) gay men
C) IV drug users and gay men
D) HIV and AIDS are equally distributed among women and men.

Question 12

HIV infection is NOT likely to result from:

A) having vaginal intercourse with someone who is infected.
B) sharing a drug needle with someone who is infected.
C) drinking from the same cup as someone who is infected.
D) having anal intercourse with someone who is infected.

Question 13

Women are generally more vulnerable than men to HIV infection because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) women who use IV drugs are more likely to use a needle only after their male counterpart has used it.
B) women often have less control over whether a condom will be used.
C) more of the virus is found in male ejaculate than in vaginal secretions.
D) HIV levels in women are twice those of men with similar lymphocyte counts.

Question 14

People with AIDS often succumb to pneumonia,certain cancers,and other _______ because the virus preys on their weakened immune systems.

A) opportunistic infections
B) retroviruses
C) lymphatic diseases
D) systemic illnesses

Question 15

The life-threatening disease in which the body's immune system is suppressed,leaving its victim vulnerable to opportunistic infections is:

A) Kaposi's sarcoma.
B) HAART.
C) AIDS.
D) dementia complex.

Question 16

Two-thirds of all HIV-infected people live in ___________,where the main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS is ____________.

A) Africa;heterosexual transmission
B) Africa;sexual transmission among men who have sex with men
C) Asia;sexual transmission among men who have sex with men
D) Asia;intravenous drug use

Question 17

AIDS is considered a pandemic because:

A) there is,at present,no cure.
B) it affects a large group of people.
C) it appears equally often in women and men.
D) it is a worldwide epidemic.

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT suggested as an explanation for gender differences in the epidemiology of AIDS?

A) Because women are often economically subordinate to men,they are less able to protect themselves from HIV.
B) HIV is found in higher concentrations in vaginal and cervical secretions than in ejaculate.
C) On average,HIV levels in women are about half that of men with similar lymphocyte counts.
D) Women progress to AIDS at a lower overall viral load than men.

Question 19

In the case of AIDS,Patient Zero was:

A) an animal handler in west Central Africa.
B) a Canadian flight attendant.
C) a dentist in south Florida.
D) a heterosexual IV drug user.

Question 20

The main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS in Western Europe and North America is:

A) intravenous drug use.
B) heterosexual transmission.
C) sexual transmission among men who have sex with men.
D) transfusion of tainted blood.

Question 21

A retrovirus works by:

A) injecting a copy of its own genetic material into the DNA of a host cell.
B) destroying the nuclei of body cells.
C) causing the body's immune system to attack its own cells.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

A genome is most accurately understood as:

A) a virus that copies its information onto the DNA of a host cell.
B) all of the DNA information for an organism.
C) an AIDS-related syndrome involving memory loss.
D) the earliest class of drugs used to fight HIV/AIDS.

Question 23

The STI caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite is:

A) trichomoniasis.
B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV).
C) chlamydia.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 24

HIV infects mostly:

A) lymph tissues,where lymphocytes develop and are stored.
B) blood cells.
C) glial cells.
D) RNA.

Question 25

Which of the following has NOT been linked to a more rapid onset of AIDS among HIV-infected individuals?

A) a pessimistic outlook
B) acceptance of STI diagnosis
C) social isolation
D) genetic vulnerability

Question 26

Several researchers have suggested that the relationship between denial and the progression of AIDS is part of a larger syndrome of:

A) unrealistic optimism.
B) psychological inhibition.
C) neuroticism (emotional instability).
D) low self-efficacy.

Question 27

AIDS patients who deny their diagnosis may:

A) experience a more rapid development of AIDS-related symptoms.
B) maintain strong levels of immunocompetence longer than patients who accept their diagnosis.
C) often show an increase in the proliferation of T cells.
D) may survive for a longer or shorter length of time than people who readily accept their diagnosis.

Question 28

AIDS dementia complex may be caused by the dramatic loss of _______________ that accompanies HIV infection.

A) blood
B) lymph
C) lymphocytes
D) brain cells

Question 29

During the final stage of HIV/AIDS,the number of ______ drops dangerously low.

A) red blood cells
B) NK cells
C) B lymphocytes
D) CD4 (T)cells

Question 30

The average time from HIV infection to AIDS is:

A) about 2 years.
B) about 5 years.
C) about 10 years.
D) completely unpredictable.

Question 31

The drug that fights AIDS by inhibiting an enzyme that HIV needs to reproduce itself is:

A) HAART.
B) reverse transcriptase.
C) Zidovudine (AZT).
D) interleukin-2.

Question 32

Until recently,medical interventions for HIV/AIDS focused on:

A) eliminating the HIV virus.
B) controlling the spread of the virus.
C) treating the opportunistic diseases that resulted from immune failure.
D) reducing high-risk sexual behaviors.

Question 33

In one study of HIV-infected gay men,Jane Leserman and her colleagues found that the risk of AIDS increased with:

A) the age of the participants in the study.
B) the average score on a satisfaction with social support scale.
C) the use of denial as a coping strategy.
D) each decreases in the socioeconomic status of the participants.

Question 34

In treating AIDS,reverse transcriptase inhibitors are often combined with protease inhibitors that:

A) increase the proliferation of lymphocytes.
B) block the inflammation response.
C) attack HIV at a different stage of its life cycle.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

The intervention in which individualized health messages are delivered over multiple time periods to provide unique feedback to patients is:

A) evidence based messaging.
B) stepped care.
C) ecological momentary assessment.
D) dynamic tailoring.

Question 36

Which of the following is an AIDS-related syndrome that involves memory loss,confusion,and personality changes?

A) Kaposi's sarcoma
B) pneumocystis carinni pneumonia
C) AIDS dementia complex
D) retroviral senility

Question 37

The retrovirus that injects its genome into lymphocytes and reproduces when these cells are activated is called:

A) AIDS.
B) HIV.
C) papilloma.
D) Kaposi's sarcoma.

Question 38

During stage 2 of HIV infection:

A) the first major symptoms of AIDS appear.
B) HIV is constantly being replicated.
C) the number of T cells drops dramatically.
D) the number of T cells increases dramatically.

Question 39

The most common sexually transmitted infection is:

A) HIV/AIDS.
B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV).
C) chlamydia.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 40

Zidovudine (AZT)is one of a class of drugs called:

A) immunotherapeutics.
B) protease inhibitors.
C) reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
D) gene therapeutics.

Question 41

Generally speaking,mass media education campaigns emphasizing how AIDS is transmitted have:

A) not been very successful.
B) only been successful among well-educated individuals.
C) only been successful among affluent individuals.
D) been quite successful.

Question 42

As an illustration of AIDS complacency,researchers have found that women involved in _______________ relationships are more likely to practice safer sexual behaviors than women in _______________ relationships.

A) committed;casual
B) casual;committed
C) single;multiple
D) long-time;recent

Question 43

On average,_________ of people who provide care for a partner or family member with AIDS experience at least one chronic physical symptom.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 44

The San Francisco Model is an HIV-prevention intervention that:

A) is communitywide,and involves schools,churches,and other organizations.
B) targets low SES-individuals.
C) teaches specific skills to reduce negative emotionality.
D) focuses on fear-framed health messages.

Question 45

In one study,HIV-positive men participated in a 10-week cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention.Which of the following was not a finding of this study?

A) lower post-treatment levels of anxiety and anger
B) lower levels of perceived stress
C) lower levels of norepinephrine output
D) diminished levels of testosterone

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a factor in social cognitive theory that has been linked to successful AIDS intervention programs?

A) stage of readiness to change one's behaviors
B) perceived social norms regarding HIV risk-reducing behaviors
C) self-efficacy beliefs regarding avoiding unsafe behaviors
D) social skills in negotiating risky behaviors

Question 47

The fact that younger,less knowledgeable individuals tend to benefit more from educational interventions about how AIDS is transmitted,while older individuals benefit more from interventions that stir them into preventive action,most directly supports:

A) the health belief model.
B) the theory of planned behavior.
C) stage theories of behavior change.
D) cognitive-behavior theory.

Question 48

The most effective stress management interventions for HIV-infected persons appear to be:

A) multimodal cognitive-behavioral stress management.
B) biofeedback training.
C) biofeedback training combined with hypnosis.
D) simple relaxation training.

Question 49

A number of successful psychosocial interventions designed to modify high-risk sexual behaviors derive from _______________ theory,which emphasizes reciprocally determined relationships among environmental events,internal processes,and behavior.

A) prospect
B) self-efficacy
C) social cognitive
D) reasoned action

Question 50

A number of recent studies have found that three factors distinguish long-term AIDS survivors from those who succumb more quickly.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) engaging in regular exercise
B) early acceptance of the reality of HIV-positive status
C) avoiding social isolation
D) keeping an upbeat,positive outlook

Question 51

Research to date has shown that college students who have _______________ are more likely to avoid high-risk sexual behaviors than other students.

A) external locus of control
B) strong feelings of self-efficacy
C) a relative with AIDS
D) a relatively high IQ

Question 52

The biggest factor in the impact of caregiving on a person's health is the:

A) length of the patient's illness.
B) nature of the relationship with the patient.
C) age of the caregiver.
D) nature of the patient's needs.

Question 53

In the Kelley and Kalichman (1998)study of risky sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men,the researchers found that _______________ more strongly predicted condom use than _______________.

A) the emotional meaning of the relationship;sexual fantasies
B) the subjective reinforcement value of unprotected anal intercourse;perceived vulnerability to infection
C) perceived vulnerability to infection;the subjective reinforcement value of unprotected anal intercourse
D) sexual fantasies;the emotional meaning of the relationship

Question 54

Psychologists have a role in the AIDS epidemic because:

A) in the absence of an effective HIV vaccine,intervention is the only means of battling AIDS.
B) the major modes of infection are behaviors.
C) psychosocial interventions can be effective in helping AIDS patients adhere to their treatment.
D) most people with HIV/AIDS have emotional problems.

Question 55

As with other chronic illnesses,AIDS patients who rely on _______________ to solve their problems tend to fare better in battling their disease.

A) defensive coping strategies
B) emotion-focused coping strategies
C) active coping strategies
D) an optimistic bias